













(ilass .A ‘l "L 

Book_ .U? % __ 

vt 0 sj 2L 

OFFICIAL DONATION. 










































































































WAR DEPARTMENT, 


ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE. 


No. XXII. 


STAFFS 


OF 


VARIOUS ARMIES. 


JANUARY , 1899. 





\> \ >’> : 
r ; i- ; : ; •/,»,; ;> * 

r >' 1 v,/, > 


WASHINGTON: 

Government Printing Office 
1890.. 







































i 


1 < < < < 
4 < < 

<< < < 






< <. 
< < 


< 

< < 

< < 

< < < 
< < 


(* < 

<<; 
< < 
< < 


< < < 
c < 
< < c 


< 

< 

i 

< 

C ( t 




C < € 
< 

< C 
i 

i < < 


< ( < <<< (( ; < ( { <<< ; <; <<< <<< 

< (< < (< V:<o i{c c ; ; : : 

1U 4 <* < < < t < <<< <* < * < < c < 4 


< < 
( < 
< < * 
< < 
< < 


< < c 

« 

< 

< 

i 


< < € 
< 

« < 


««< 






A 


> 



/ 


3.30 



STAFFS 


VARIOUS ARMIES. 


J5I 

/ t 


> >, > i, > 

> ) > > > 

> > > > > > > > 

> > ) ) ) ) ) 
>>*>>> > 






> > > 

) 

) ) 

> 

) > 3 . 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1899 . 

D’ 99. 


Cflj'JV 5. 











WAR DEPARTMENT, 
Adjutant General’s Office. 
Document No. 86. 



• ( 
• < 


C C 



«cc« c < c < 
C i ( c 

« « « « c t 

it * it c 

C « C € € « 


C c € 

« 

( c 
€ 

€ C € 




€ € C 
• 
C it 
it 
• 


c 

< 









INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 


This compilation was prepared with a view of giving to the Army and 
to others a short synopsis of the composition, duties, and numbers of 
officers on so-called staff service in various armies. There are numerous 
publications giving these details for certain countries, but usually they 
are not accessible and the matter is treated too much in detail. This 
publication aims to give a general resume of the staffs of various armies 
in a shape to admit of ready comparison. 

The first part of the book contains a reprint of the introduction to 
General Bronsart von Schellendorf’s book, ‘ ‘ The Duties of the General 
Staff,” translated by Lieut. Col. W. A. H. Hare, Royal Engineers. It is 
added here as an introduction to show to those not acquainted with this 
important branch of an army, what are the duties of the general staff in 
peace. 

The second part contains a short synopsis of the general and other staffs 
of all armies of importance. The strength of the army in infantry, 
artillery, cavalry, and auxiliary arms is given, and also the total number 
of staff officers, in order to show at a glance the proper proportion of staff 
to line. 

The subject-matter of Part II has all been compiled in this office from 
latest available sources, which are given in each case. No book of recent 
date, giving this information in compact form, is available, and on that 
account it is thought that this publication will prove of some value. 

Adjutant General’s Office, 

Washington, D. C., January, 1899. 







































































































































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction_ 7 

Austria-Hungary. 15 

Belgium_ 41 

Denmark... 55 

France.......... 61 

Great Britain_ 79 

Greece__ 97 

Holland. 99 

Italy........... 111 

Japan.. 133 

Prussia_ 139 

Roumania__'...157 

Russia.....—....171 

Spain_ 189 

Sweden- 215 

Switzerland. 221 

Turkey..-. ...227 


( 5 ) 


























































































































































































































































DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


The general staff forms an essential part of modern army 
organization. The general commanding a large body of 
troops can not, at least in war, encumber himself with minor 
details, though their consideration and proper order may be 
often of the highest importance. Apart from the fact that 
the mental and physical powers of one man are not up to such 
a task, the general supervision of all the fighting forces under 
the general’s command would be lost sight of. He should 
consequently have assistants. These assistants form his 
“staff.” To a certain extent, an arbitrary rule decides what”1 
portion of the latter is designated as “general staff.” In 
some armies all the staff belongs to the general staff. But a 
necessity has universally been felt of having a distinct portion 
of the staff intrusted with planning and carrying out the 
movements of armies in the field, and generally distinguished 
by some special name. This particular branch of the staff of 
a general holding an important command in the field, is knownj 
in the German army as the “general staff” (Generalstab). 

The latter has grown in importance with the numerical 
increase of modern armies and the development of military 
training and efficiency. 

As long as armies were small, and movements, encamp¬ 
ments, and fighting formations were laid down by hard and 
fast regulations, the want of trained general staff officers was 
scarcely felt. The plan determined on by the general in com¬ 
mand usually contained the details of execution. But few 
directions were therefore necessary to secure, in the way that 
was intended, the quartering, concentration, and general 
advance against the enemy, of an army in its fixed, or only 
slightly modified, fighting formation. A departure from the 
generally accepted forms—such as, for instance, the advance 
of the Prussian army before the battle of Leuthen—was quite 
an exceptional occurrence, designed and carried out by special 
instructions at the time. It was intended to take the enemy 
by surprise by its novelty, and was entirely due to the per¬ 
sonal energy and initiative of the general (Frederick the 
Great). 



8 


DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


A general staff officer who, at that time, would have taken 
on himself the responsibility of departing from fixed forms in 
drawing up orders for marching or fighting, would have ex¬ 
ceeded the limits of his responsibility. He would have been 
considered, as it were, guilty of assuming the position and 
duties of his general. His duties in these matters being only 
looked upon as strictly mechanical, could consequently be re¬ 
placed by regulations, previously issued, and to be invariably 
adhered to. But this state of affairs no longer exists. The 
• enormous numerical strength of modern armies, and the way 
they must be organized to meet the constantly changing re¬ 
quirements of war, render an immense amount of detail neces¬ 
sary in carrying out military operations even under appar¬ 
ently similar circumstances of time and place. Thus the 
higher leaders and commanders necessarily require the per¬ 
manent support of specially selected and trained officers. 

But there is another case in which this necessity of assist¬ 
ance is felt, and which is more intimately connected with the 
handling of troops in action, viz, the reconnoissance of the 
ground and of the positions and movements of the enemy, and 
the observation of the state of affairs in an engagement, at a 
point removed from the personal observation of the general 
commanding. 

The choice of, and small extent of ground covered by, the 
battlefields of the Seven-Years’ War, enabled a general, as a 
rule, to dispense with the assistance of specially trained officers 
in this respect. But the want of assistance in reconnoitering 
the ground on which troops were to encamp, march, or fight, 
was even then often felt. The Great King (Frederick) says 
himself in his history of the Seven-Years’ War: “ The army 
has stood the test of many campaigns, but the want of a good 
quartermaster general’s staff was often felt at headquarters. 
The King, being anxious to create a body of officers of this 
description, selected twelve officers who showed special apti¬ 
tudes for these duties. They were instructed in surveying, 
laying out camps, placing villages in a state of defense, and 
field bridging. They learned also how to direct columns of 
route, and especially how to reconnoiter marshes and rivers, 
so that they might not give to an army, as an appui, a shal¬ 
low river or a passable tract of marshy country. Mistakes of 
this nature have led to the most serious results. They cost 
the French the defeat of Malplaquet, and the Austrians that 
of Leuthen.” 


DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


9 


The Prince of Ligne, wlio at times was given to answering 
important questions by a facetious expression or a short defi¬ 
nition, says the only qualities he considers necessary for an 
officer of the quartermaster general’s staff are that he should 
have good eyes and he a hold rider—qualities which, as a mat¬ 
ter of course, are now as much as ever absolutely indispen¬ 
sable to a young cavalry officer told off as a galloper, and 
naturally extremely useful to a general staff officer as well. 
But, at the same time, it is evident that much more is to be 
expected of the general staff officer, if he is to he equal to all 
the calls of his duty. 

Clausewitz says: 

‘ * The general staff is intended to convert the ideas of the 
general commanding into orders, not only by conveying the 
former to the troops, hut far more by working out all neces¬ 
sary matters of detail, thus relieving the mind of the general 
from a great amount of trouble.” 

This definition could still he taken as amply meeting the 
case were it not now considered part of the duty of the gen¬ 
eral staff to he invariably watching over the military efficiency 
and material welfare of the troops. On every large staff, it 
is true, all branches of the service are represented by certain 
individuals or heads of departments, and it is naturally their 
duty, in the first place, to see to the proper efficiency of their 
respective branches or departments. But being often igno¬ 
rant of the general military situation, or not rightly under¬ 
standing sudden changes in the state of affairs, they are 
unable to carry out what is expected from them. The gen¬ 
eral staff is consequently called upon to act as a directing and 
explaining body toward these individuals by keeping itself in 
constant communication with them, the chief of the general 
staff being at the same time regarded, in a general way, as 
head of the whole staff. 

Officers of the general staff are invested with no military 
command. But even without having any command they can 
make themselves extremely useful in an engagement by car¬ 
rying out any special and important duties that may he in¬ 
trusted to them by the general commanding, in addition to 
devoting themselves to their general duties. Their useful¬ 
ness in this respect will he found to depend not only on their 
fitness and ability, but on their tact and discretion as well, in 
rightly appreciating the position they hold, both as regards 


10 


DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


general and troops. The conditions to fulfill this, however, 
are not entirely one-sided. Troops very soon find out, indeed, 
especially in war, whether the duties of the general staff are 
in good hands; hut this does not exclude the fact that every 
now and then, when the aspect of affairs takes a disadvanta¬ 
geous turn, responsibility is placed on the shoulders of the 
general staff officer, which the circumstances of the case do 
not justify. 

This is often one of the drawbacks of his position. Another 
is, that he must always deny himself the true military instinct 
of wishing to take command in accordance with his army rank. 
A good general staff officer is, therefore, certainly not asking 
too much if he claims the complete confidence of his general 
and the grant of a certain amount of independence in the de¬ 
tails of his duty. Otherwise he would at once feel that his 
post might be better filled by an inferior person and he him¬ 
self more advantageously employed at regimental duty. 

Let us now examine the duties of the general staff in war. 

These would be: 

1. Working out all arrangements necessary for quarters, 
precautions against surprise, movements, and battle. 

2. Communicating the necessary orders, either verbally or 
in writing, at the right time and place, and in sufficient detail. 

3. Obtaining, collecting, and compiling in order all infor¬ 
mation concerning the nature and the military character of 
the theater of war. Procuring maps. 

4. Collecting and estimating the value of information 
received concerning the enemy’s forces. 

5. Watching over the fighting condition of the troops, and 
being constantly informed of their efficiency in every respect. 

6. Keeping journals and diaries, drawing up reports on 
engagements, and collecting important materials, to after¬ 
wards form a history of the war. 

7. Special duties, viz, reconnoissances, etc. 

General staff officers have to take, as a basis for carrying 
out their duties in all the branches that have been assigned 
them, the wish and determination of the general in command, 
in which, however, initiative on their part is by no means 
excluded, but rather invited. A general staff officer can not 
excuse himself of any neglect on his part on the plea that 
no order on the subject had been given him by his general. 
He should only consider himself freed from responsibility 



DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


11 


when his suggestion has been declined by the general. This 
gives rise to no small amount of constant responsibility, 
which rests anything but lightly on the shoulders of the gen¬ 
eral staff in war, and which obliges it to be devoted to an 
untiring energy. 

The peace duties of the general staff should prepare it for 
its duties in war. Consequently, general staff officers belong¬ 
ing to army corps have to work out all matters of mobili¬ 
zation, movements, quarters, maneuvers, railways, and 
telegraphs. 

The great general staff” (Grosser Generalstab), viz, a body 
of general staff officers who are not attached to army corps, is 
intrusted, under the immediate supervision of the chief of the 
general staff, with drawing up and preparing schemes for the 
strategical concentration of the army in certain particular 
directions by road and rail, with collecting and estimating the 
strength, etc., of the various European armies, with the study 
of theaters of war, and with the preparation of military maps. 
It is also employed in promoting military science, especially 
military history, and in the supervision of the training of 
young officers. 

The general staff officer should, however, not be satisfied 
with the simple discharge of the duties assigned to him in 
peace time. It is his serious duty to prepare himself in every 
way, independently of these, for his important calling in war. 
This, indeed, is the duty of every officer, but the rule applies 
in a far higher degree in the case of general staff officers, for 
they are invariably called upon in war to hold positions, though 
perhaps only as assistants, which are far above their rank, and 
generally far above their experience as well. The general 
staff officer has consequently to strive all he can to make up 
for the latter by the most diligent study. It is only thus that 
he can be of the utmost use to both general and troops. 

The first condition for this is a most accurate and intimate 
knowledge of the organization and formations of his own 
army. It is not only necessary, for instance, to know that a 
mobilized army corps is accompanied by a certain number of 
bearer companies and field hospitals, but it is also necessary 
to know their special use and what amount of service they are 
actually capable of. The usual peace duties, even at autumn 
maneuvers, when, as is well known, these medical services are 
not put to the test, but are usually only nominally employed, 


12 


DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


afford no opportunity of intimately learning tlie object they 
are intended for or their practical use. Nothing but the most 
intimate acquaintance with the regulations on the subject, the 
very nature of which is anything but attractive, can lead to 
the results desired. 

Next, a general staff officer must be perfectly familiar with 
the tactical formations of all arms. He is not, indeed, 
expected to occupy his time in learning by heart the tiresome, 
insignificant details of drill, but in mastering the main tac¬ 
tical principles which are laid down in the regulations, and 
then, directing his special attention to those forms which 
come most conspicuously into use in quarters, marches, and 
battles. In this respect he will find, perhaps, the best way 
of acquiring knowledge is by constantly attending the drills 
and evolutions of all arms. 

These exercises, which are so essentially necessary to the 
practical training of the general staff officer, must, however, 
be accompanied, hand in hand, by the theoretical study of 
military science, limited, of course, to a certain extent, but 
not excluding what can be practically useful. 

With a view to the useful development of certain special 
military sciences and permanently keeping them up to date, 
the general staff, taken as a whole, can not dispense with 
certain officers who, gifted by nature with certain talents and 
tastes, can go deep into'certain subjects, and thereby render 
most important services. But it is certainly not desirable 
that all general staff officers should be distinguished by some 
special kind of learning which would, of necessity, limit their 
general utility. Thus, as the most strictly worked-out mathe¬ 
matical investigations finally give, in many cases, as the 
result of the care bestowed on them, that certain general 
practical results may be obtained by the simple use of ele¬ 
mentary formulae, and as an individual using these should 
have the most implicit confidence in the authority of superior 
scientific investigation, so, in the case of the military sciences, 
it is sufficient for the practical performance of the duties of 
the general staff, if the results of the deepest special study of 
others have been so appreciated as to be turned to practical 
use. In this way a man may be most accomplished without 
falling into the error of being superficial. A general staff 
officer should know most thoroughly everything he has to do, 
both in peace and war; but it is by no means necessary that 


DUTIES OF THE GENERAL STAFF IN PEACE. 


13 


he should he the originator and author of everything he 
knows. The investigations of individuals in special subjects 
should be looked upon rather as the common property of all, 
provided they have a general and acknowledged importance, 
and their value has been satisfactorily proved by competent 
authority. But everything must work collectively to the 
attainment of a common result, and this is to ascertain, from 
the study of the history of war, the principles of leading 
troops, both for and during battle, arriving herein at clear 
and independent conclusions. The case is not that of a 
science to attain an object, but the object itself, viz, the 
recognition and acquirement, in the highest degree, of all 
that the study of military matters and military experience 
can teach. 

In devoting his energy to these mental qualifications, the 
general staff officer should, however, not neglect to keep the 
necessary physical powers up to the mark. He must keep up 
his practice in the handling of the different arms; he must 
train himself to be a quick and untiring rider; he must keep 
his eyes in practice at taking in at a glance a correct view of 
the military situation; he must write a clear hand, be a 
good draftsman, and if possible, a practical telegraphist. 
Finally, by keeping himself constantly in contact with troops, 
he should never lose his fellow-feeling for them or their 
wants; a frequent return to regimental duty will, in this 
respect, refresh his knowledge, and is consequently most 
desirable. 








































































































































































































































AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 


REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Edward Seling. Leitfaden zum Unterrichte in der Heeres-Organisation. 
(Guide to Instruction in Army Organization.) 9. Auflage. Wien, 
1889. 

Tabelle relative alia constituzione dell’ esercito austro-ungarico. (Tables 
Relative to the Organization of Austro-Hungarian Army.) 5 edizione. 
Roma, 1891. 

Major J. J. Leverson. Handbook on Military Forces of Austria-Hungary. 
London, 1891. 

J. Lauth. L’etat militaire des principales puissances etrangeres du 
printemps de 1894. (The Military State of the Principal Foreign 
Powers in the Spring of 1894.) Paris, 1894. 

War Department. A. G. O., Mil. Inf. Div. Notes and Statistics of Organ¬ 
ization, Armament, and Military Progress in American and European 
Armies. Washington, 1896. 

v. Lobells Jahresberichte liber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Yon Lobell’s Annual Reports on Changes and Prog¬ 
ress in Military Affairs.) Berlin, 1896. 

Kasimir Sztavinszky. Graphische Darstellung der Organisation der be- 
waffneten Macht Oesterreichs-Ungarn. (Graphic Representation of 
the Armed Strength of Austria-Hungary.) Fiinfkirchen, 1896. 

Carl Gliickmann. Das Heerwesen der Oesterreich-Ungarischen Monarchic. 

(The Military System of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.) 

J. Scott Kettie and J. P. A. Renwick. The Statesman’s Yearbook for the 
Year 1898. Macmillan & Co., London, 1898. 

Rudolf Zaschkoda. Oesterreich-ungarisches Militar-Jahrbuch fur das 
Jahr 1898. (Austro-Hungarian Military Annual for 1898.) Neutil- 
schein, Wien. 

Official Austrian publications: 

Schematismus fur das kaiserliche und konigliche Heer und k. und 
k. Kriegsmarine fur 1898. (The Official Army and Navy List.) 
Wien, 1897. 

Schematismus der k. k. Landwehr und der k. k. Gendarmerie fur 
1898. (Army List of the Austrian Landwehr and Gendarmerie)- 
Wien, Janner 1898. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ACTIVE ARMY. 
(a) THE ARMY. 


Infantry...- 186,586 

Cavalry___ 47,380 

Artillery.... 37,960 

Other arms.. 33,859 


( 15 ) 


305,735 









16 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


(b) AUSTRIAN LANDWEHR. 

_ __ 22,825 

. 1,095 

- 23,920 

(c) HUNGARIAN LANDWEHR. 

Infantry---.. 23,364 

Cavalry-—. 4 > 641 

- 28,005 

Total of the active army- 357,660 

II.— STRENGTH OF THE STAFF. 

Total strength of the staff, both military and ad¬ 
ministrative. . - - - 8,386 

III. - THE GENERAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —The general staff, as a body, is 
intended to supply the mechanism for carrying on the duties 
and business at the headquarters of the higher offices and 
units relating to military operations, both in time of peace 
and war. 

The duties of the general staff include: 

(a) Matters concerning military service, organization, dis¬ 
tribution, training, and, in an advisory way, all matters con¬ 
nected with the armament and equipment of the army; 

(b) General consideration of the defenses; 

(c) Matters concerning the system of communications for 
military purposes; 

( d ) Military survey of the country, geodetical and astro¬ 
nomical measurements of the military topographical insti¬ 
tute; preparation of charts and maps, and other military 
scientific preparations for war. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief, and officers employed directly under him. 49 

Attached officers employed directly under the chief 34 


Officers employed at the war ministry_ 12 

Army units_ 156 

Army units, officers attached_ 141 

Technical and administrative committee_ 4 

Military Geographical Institute__ 20 

Military training establishments. 16 

Attaches to embassies abroad_ 7 

Attached to regiments. 55 

Total members of the general staff.. 319 

Total attached to the general staff. 175 

Grand total...... 494 


Infantry 
Cavalry_ 





















AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


17 


ACCORDING TO RANK. 

Generals.. 

Colonels .. 

Lieutenant colonels . 

Majors.. 

Captains_ 

Captains attached 
Lieutenants attached 

3. Division and Duties. —The general staff corps is a 
closed body of officers of higher military education, and is 
divided into— 

(1) The great general staff, intrusted with devising the 
best system of defense of the country, and with originating 
in time of peace measures for the prompt mobilization and 
efficiency, as well as anticipated movements of the army in 
case of an outbreak of war; 

(2) The general staff with the troops, whose duties are to 
execute the above measures; and 

(3) The educational and other staffs, whose duties are indi¬ 
cated by their respective names. 

(1) The great general staff is subdivided into the following 
offices: 

(a) The central office, which supervises matters concerning 
the personnel, interior economy, and routine of business con¬ 
nected with the general staff. 

(b) The office for military operations, which is in charge of 
military operations, war formation, mobilization, organization, 
and training of the army, issue of regulations, of strategic and 
technical instructions, schemes for journeys of general staff, 
and maneuvers, and other matters closely related with the 
above. 

(c) The geographical office, for military description of Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary, and foreign countries. 

(d) The information office, for collecting information on 
foreign armies. 

(e) The transportation office, in charge of railway and steam¬ 
ship transportation. 

(/) The telegraph office for military telegraphs. 

(2) The general staff with troops. 

The general staff officers are attached to army, army corps, 
and divisions. The number for each body of the troops is 
given below, with the staff of each of these bodies. 


4 

37 

55 

58 

165 

24 

151 


9990-2 









18 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


(3) The general staff officers in educational and other estab¬ 
lishments vary in number and are mentioned with the respec¬ 
tive staffs of the establishments. 

4. Appointment of General Staff Officers. —The fol¬ 
lowing appointments are given by preference to officers of the 
general staff: 

Commandantship of the staff college; directorship of the 
archives of the ministry of war; employment in the historical 
section of war archives; directorship of the map-making 
department; snbdirectorship of survey; employment on sur¬ 
vey branch of the Military Geographical Institute; professor¬ 
ships and instructorships of subjects bearing on duties of the 
general staff in higher military training establishments and 
employment in the same way on the ‘ c technical and adminis¬ 
trative committee; ” special missions; attacheships, etc. 

5. Appointment to the General Staff. — Captains — 
Officers who are graduates of the war school or the higher 
courses in artillery and engineering and who have distinguished 
themselves during the course and final examinations, are ad¬ 
mitted as attached to the general staff. The ablest of the 
officers attached are recommended by the chief of the general 
staff to the ministry to enter the corps as captains. Other 
officers attached return to their regiments after an indefinite 
period of time. 

Majors .—Majors of general staff are appointed either from 
captains of the general staff or from captains of the army who 
passed the special examinations required of general staff cap¬ 
tains. Candidates are recommended by the chief of general 
staff to the minister. 

Promotions in the general staff.— Promotion is made exclu¬ 
sively on the basis of length of service. 


IV.—OTHER STAFFS. 

1. Imperial military household staff -_ 8 

2. The imperial chancellery..-_ 15 

3. The imperial ministry of war_ 212 

4. The supreme military court of justice___ (*) 

5. The auxiliary organs of the ministry of war. 

General inspectors_ (*) 

Technical military committee_ (*) 

Military sanitary committee_ (*) 

War archives staff_ 30 

6. The ministry for the imperial and royal landwehr_ 139 

7. The ministry for the Hungarian royal landwehr_ 103 












AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


19 


8 . Army staffs; battalion, regiment, corps, etc.. (*) 

9. Army adjutants..*_..... 997 

10 . Military territorial commands..... 171 

11. Military local headquarters___ 75 

12 . Austrian landwehr and landsturm district headquarters_ 266 

13. Hungarian landwehr and landsturm headquarters.. 273 

14. Gendarmery headquarters: 

Austrian.. 161 

Hungarian .._■... 136 

Bosnia and Herzegowina... 39 

15. Military chaplains’ staff..... 152 

16. Engineer staff... 129 

17. Technical corps staff...... 464 

18. Sanitary corps staffs: 

Medical staff........ 1,385 

Pharmaceutical staff. 82 

Veterinary staff. 180 

19. Economical staffs: 

Intendance staff.. 441 

Provision corps staff_____ 

Paymaster’s staff (including comptrollers)_ 1,152 

Military treasury staff..... 33 

Military registry staff_____ 105 

20. Military auditor’s staff___ 276 

21 . Military educational establishment’s staff. 747 

22. Other establishments’ staffs: 

Military Geographical Institute staff... 27 

Ordnance establishments... 60 

Garrison hospital’s staff. 16 

Military bath establishments..,... 4 

Invalid establishment’s staff. 11 

Military penitentiary staff. 3 


Grand total of other staffs....7,892 

I.—IMPERIAL MILITARY HOUSEHOLD STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Adjutant service to the Emperor, 
the war minister, the field marshal in the field, and high com¬ 
manders of the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General adjutants..... 2 

Flugel adjutants.... 6 

Total_ _-.-. 8 

II.—THE IMPERIAL CHANCELLERY. 

1. General Duties. —The intermediary between the su¬ 
preme command and the central authorities; the medium of 
communication between the Emperor and the ministry of war. 

* Numbers are given with other staffs and are here omitted to avoid 
counting twice. 






































20 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 


General.. 1 

Field officers-- 2 

Major- 1 

Captain.....-.. 1 

Lieutenant-.-.. 1 

Military intendant-- 1 

Section councilors- 2 

Officials- 6 

Total- 15 


III.—THE IMPERIAL MINISTRY OF WAR. 

1. General Duties. —Care of all operative business con¬ 
cerning army and navy inspection of service in military ter¬ 
ritorial units, in divisions, and military establishments; care 
of the entire personnel of the troops; army administration in 
the widest meaning of the word; care of war materials, dis¬ 
bursements, army recruiting, and remounts; administration 
of military institutions, etc. 

2 . Branches of the War Ministry. —The war ministry 
is composed of two branches, the war ministry proper and 
the high military court. 

(a) The war ministry proper is composed of the presidential 
bureau and four sections composed of fifteen subdivisions, 
each being in charge of special affairs. 

Presidential bureau. —The cabinet of the minister, the per¬ 
sonnel of general and field officers, confidential affairs. 

First subdivision. —In charge of personal affairs of generals 
and superiors not in active service, and subordinate officers. 

Second subdivision. —Organization of infantry, rifles, and 
sanitary troops. 

Third subdivision. —Organization of cavalry, train, re¬ 
mount, and veterinary corps. 

Fourth subdivision. —Military justice. 

Fifth subdivision. —Questions relating to general staff; 
operative business, organization and drill of the army; topog¬ 
raphy, geographical institute, war archives; pioneer, railway 
and telegraph regiments; land fortifications, and transporta¬ 
tion. 

Sixth subdivision. —Military instruction. 

Seventh subdivision. —Artillery. 

Eighth subdivision. —Engineering. 

Ninth subdivision. —Invalids, pensions, charity. 











AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


21 


Tenth subdivision .—Military statistics and mobilization. 
Eleventh subdivision .—Accounts, service corps, barracks. 
Twelfth subdivision. —Care of military beds. 

Thirteenth subdivision .—Clothing. 

Fourteenth subdivision .—Sanitary service. 

Fifteenth subdivision. —Budget. 


3. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals. 7 

Colonels ........ 7 

Lieutenant colonels._..... 9 

Majors.. ...... 18 

Captains and riding masters_ 93 

Lieutenants__ 3 

Other officers and officials.. 75 

Total__ 212 


IV. —THE SUPREME MILITARY COURT OF JUSTICE. 

1. Division and Duty. —It passes sentences of third and 
supreme instance on matters appealed from lower military 
courts. 

2 . Composition and Numbers. —It is composed of the 
president, 4 general auditors, and 4 first lieutenant auditors; 
total, 9. 

V. —THE AUXILIARIES OF THE MINISTRY OF WAR. 

1. The Chief of the General Staff. 

Duties. —The chief of the general staff is directly under the 
orders of the Emperor. He is the assistant of the minister of 
war, to whom he submits his reports. He may, however, 
address his reports to the Emperor, but only through the min¬ 
ister of war. He is intrusted with preparations for war, with 
war formation of the army, mobilization, defense, communi¬ 
cation, and all matters bearing upon the strength and 
efficiency of the army. He has charge of the Military Geo¬ 
graphical Institute and of the military archives. He also is 
the head of the pioneer regiment, the railway and telegraph 
regiment, the staff college, the pioneer cadet school, etc. 










22 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


2. General Inspectors and Inspectors. 


(1) General inspectors for the infantry, cavalry, artil¬ 

lery, fortress artillery, train, pioneers, engineers, 
and for the military educational institutions and 
remount depots.. 9 

(2) Chief of the sanitary troops. 1 

(3) Chief of the medical corps__ 1 

(4) General supervising engineer of construction.... 1 

(5) Apostolic field vicar. 1 

13 

Officers attached_ 24 

Total_ 37 


3. Technical Military Committee. 

(a) Duties. —The committee is intrusted with the progress in 
military science, especially with regard to artillery, engineers, 
intendants, and pioneers. It has charge of selecting, compil¬ 
ing, and issuing instruction hooks for the technical troops. 
It is also required to examine any inventions and new appli¬ 
cations of science to military art. 

(&) Composition and Numbers. —It is composed of a few 
officers of the great general staff, of pioneer staff, of intendance 
staff, while the majority of the members are taken from the 
engineer’s staff. Their numbers, therefore, are counted with 
these staffs. According to the rank there are: 


Generals.... 2 

Colonels_ 8 

Lieutenant colonels.. 2 

Majors.. 9 

Captains__ 29 

Lieutenants__ 3 

Officials and other officers__ 9 

Total.....___ 62 


4. Military Sanitary Committee. 

(a) Duties. —Supervision of sanitary service. 

(b) Composition and Number.— The membership com¬ 


prises : 

General staff physicians....... 2 

Higher staff physicians... 6 

Staff and other physicians.. 8 

Total....... 16 




















AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


23 


9. War Archives Staff. 


(a) Duties. —(1) Preparation of war history; (2) prepar¬ 
ing, collecting, and preserving documents, charts, maps, and 
drawings necessary for war history work, and for study of 
military art; (3) collection of works on military science. 

(b) Subdivision. —The war archives is composed of the 
following subdivisions: (1) Subdivisions for war history; (2) 
the archives for documents; (3) the archives for charts and 
maps; (4) the war library. 


(c) Composition and Numbers: 

General... 

Colonel__ 

Lieutenant colonel... 

Majors...... 

Captains... 

Lieutenants.... 

Officials.... 


1 

1 

1 

5 

16 

2 

4 


Total 


30 


VI.—MINISTRY FOR IMPERIAL AND ROYAL LANDWEHR. 

1. Division. —The ministry for Austrian landwehr is com¬ 
posed of the minister’s presidential bureau and six depart¬ 
ments. 

First department, administrative; 

Second department, political administrative; 

Third department, gendarmery; 

Fourth department, military; 

Fifth department, intendance; 

Sixth department, justice. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Generals. 6 

Officers and civil employees.- 99 

105 

Auxiliary officers- 34 

Total_ 139 


VII.—MINISTRY FOR HUNGARIAN LANDWEHR. 

1. Division.—T he ministry is composed of a presidential 
bureau and nineteen subdivisions, which form six groups. 














24 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


2. Composition and Numbers:* 

Generals.. 3 

Civil and other employees above.. 100 

Total__ 103 

VIII.—ARMY STAFFS. 

(1) BATTALION STAFFS. 

(a) Infantry battalion staff. 

Adjutant_ 1 

( b ) Rifle battalion staff: 

Adjutant-- 1 

Provision officer.. 1 

Medical officer_ 1 

Paymaster_ 1 

4 

(c) Cavalry division staff: 

Staff officer-- 1 

Medical officer. 1 

2 

( d ) Artillery division: 

Adjutant-.. 1 

(2) REGIMENTAL STAFFS. 

Regimental adjutant.. 1 

Provision officer. 1 

Medical officers. .......2 to 5 

Paymaster. 1 


5 to 8 

Each cavalry regiment has 3 physicians and 1 veterinary surgeon; each 
artillery regiment has two physicians. 

(3) BRIGADE STAFF. 

Attached officers of the general staff_ 1 

Ordnance officer- 1 

2 

(4) DIVISION STAFF. 

Attached officers (one a captain) of the general staff. 2 

Provision officers______2 to 4 

Quartermaster___ 1 

Paymaster_ 1 

Chief intendant.. 1 

Junior intendant_ 1 

Bookkeeper (official)__ 1 

Chief physician of division__ 1 

Auditors (captains)___1 to 2 

Chaplains. 2 

13 to 16 


*No definite data. 
































AUSTRIA-HUNG ARY. 


25 


(5) CORPS STAFF. 

Officers of the general staff_ 6 

Personal adjutant..._. 1 

Ordnance officers.. 3 

Provision officer.. 1 

Quartermaster. 1 

Paymaster.. _____ 1 

Chief intendant. 1 

Intendant officials..__ 2 

Comptrollers.. 2 

Treasury officers.. 2 

Civil commissionaire_ 1 

Chief physician of corps__ 1 

22 

(6) ARMY STAFF. 

General staff officers_ 11 

Fliigel adjutants __ 2 

Ordnance officers. 6 

Provision officer_ 1 

Quartermaster.. 1 

Paymaster. 1 

Army auditor__ 1 

Chief physician of army_ 1 

24 

IX.—ADJUTANTS. 

(1) Battalion and cavalry division adjutants: 

Army__ 546 

Austrian landwehr.. 104 

Hungarian landwehr- 114 

- 764 

(2) Regimental adjutants: 

Army.. 163 

Austrian landwehr-- 32 

Hungarian landwehr .. 38 

- 233 

Total .. 997 

X.—MILITARY TERRITORIAL DISTRICTS. 

The Empire proper is subdivided into fifteen military dis¬ 
tricts, of which fourteen are called the military corps districts 
and the fifteenth the military command district. Besides, 
Bosnia and Herzegowina form a separate occupation district. 

1. Duties of the Headquarters of Military Dis¬ 
tricts.—C ultivation of the military spirit; general inspec¬ 
tion of the military and administrative service in the district; 





























26 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


care for the proper efficiency of the troops and army estab¬ 
lishments in case of an outbreak of war; preparation for 
prompt mobilization, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

(1) Nonmembers of other staffs— 

Generals .. 41 

Colonels-- 2 

Lieutenant colonels..-.. 15 

Majors_ 9 

Captains and riding masters-- 83 

Lieutenants-- 21 

Total__ 171 

(2) Members whose numbers are included in other staffs, viz: 

(a) Officers of great general staff— 

Colonels....- 16 

Lieutenant colonels- 6 

Majors---- 10 

Captains_ 28 

Lieutenants_ 16 

( b ) Officers of engineering staff— 

Majors_ 10 

Colonels__ 14 

Captains.. 7 

(c) Medical officers.. 16 

( d ) Chaplains_ 10 

(e) General intendants ------- . 4 

Higher intendants.. 12 

XI.—MILITARY LOCAL HEADQUARTERS. 

1. Location.—M ilitary local headquarters are found in all 
open garrisons, all forts, fortifications, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals. 10 

Colonels__ 6 

Lieutenant colonels_ 10 

Majors..__ 11 

Captains .. 29 

Lieutenants_ 2 

Temporary commandants (no data as to rank)_ 7 

Total._ 75 

XII.—IMPERIAL AND ROYAL AUSTRIAN LANDWEHR HEAD¬ 
QUARTERS. 

LANDWEHR HEADQUARTERS PROPER. 

1. Division and Duties.—T here are in Austria a “land¬ 
wehr” headquarters office and ten landwehr district head¬ 
quarters. The chief headquarters exercises power over the 





























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


27 


whole landwehr. The duties of territorial headquarters are 
the same as those of district headquarters, except that they 


refer to the landwehr. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals.. 19 

Colonel .. 1 

Lieutenant colonels... 5 

Majors. 13 

Captains. 44 

Total. 82 


LANDSTURM DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS. 

1. Division and Duties. —The landsturm district head¬ 
quarters are under orders of the landwehr headquarters. 
Their duty is to organize, in case of necessity, the landsturm 
troops within their jurisdiction. There are ninety-two land¬ 
sturm districts. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Commandants (of the rank of colonel, lieutenant 


colonel, major, and captain). 92 

Administrative officers (captains). 92 

Total.—. 184 

Total landwehr and landsturm.. 266 


XIII.—ROYAL HUNGARIAN LANDWEHR DISTRICTS. 

(a) LANDWEHR HEADQUARTERS PROPER. 

1. Division and Duties. —The Hungarian landwehr is 
composed of the landwehr headquarters office and the seven 
landwehr districts. Their purpose is similar to that of the 
Austrian landwehr. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Commandants (generals)..— 10 

Generals....---- 7 

Adjutants.—. 10 

Other officers. 48 

Total-- 75 


Besides, there are the following auxiliary officers in each 
command: 1 auditor, L surgeon, 4 or 5 intendants. They are 
included in their respective special staffs. 

( b ) HUNGARIAN LANDSTURM HEADQUARTERS. 

1. Division and Duties. —The duties are the same as in 
the Austrian landsturm. There are ninety-four landsturm 
Hungarian districts. 

















28 


AUSTRIA-H LING ARY. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Comm andants.. 94 

Administrative officers (captains)_ 94 

Total .. 188 

Total landwehr and landsturm commands_... 268 

XIV—GENDARMERY. 


1. Description and Duties. —The gendarmery is a mili¬ 
tary police established for the purpose of maintaining public 
safety and order. 

2. Division. —There are fourteen gendarmery districts in 
Austria, six gendarmeries in Hungary, and one in the occupa¬ 


tion district (Bosnia and Herzegowina). 

3. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) AUSTRIAN GENDARMERY. 

Gendarmery inspector. 

General__ 1 

Adjutant_ 1 

Commandants. 14 

Commandants for supplement divisions_ 14 

Adjutants... 15 

Gendarmery subdivision commandants_ 90 

Other officers of the staff.. 26 

Total .. 161 


( b ) HUNGARIAN GENDARMERY. 


Gendarmery inspector. 

General..I... 1 

Adjutant- 1 

Fliigel station commandants___ 29 

Zugs station commandants__ 76 

Other officers_ 29 

Total. 136 

(c) BOSNIA AND HERZEGOWINA. 

Fliigel station commandants__ 7 

Zug station commandants_ 25 

Other officers__ 7 

Total .. 39 


XV.—MILITARY CHAPLAINS’ STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— Religious care of the soldiers and 
officers. 


























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


29 


2. Division. —The chaplains’ staff is divided into “apostolic 
field vicariat” for Roman and Greek Catholics and Greek 
Orthodox, and into “evangelical and other chaplains’ staff.” 
The service in landwehrs is intrusted in time of peace to civilian 
pastors. 

3. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) APOSTOLIC FIELD VICARIAT. 


Apostolic field vicar.... 1 

Field consistorialdirector.. ... 1 

Field consistorial secretary.. 1 

Military pastors.. 17 

Military archpriests.. 2 

Military seniors_ 1 

Military chaplains, first class_____ 51 

Military chaplains, second class__ 61 

Total.._ 135 

(6) EVANGELICAL AND OTHER CHAPLAINS’ STAFF. 

Evangelical chaplains, first class. 3 

Evangelical chaplains, second class.. 4 

Rabbi chaplains. 8 

Mohammedan (Imams)___ 2 

Total_ 17 

Grand total . 152 


(c) LANDWEHR CHAPLAINS’ STAFF. 

Not active during peace. 

XVI.—ENGINEER STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —General direction of military con¬ 
structions, cooperation in selecting sites for fortifications, and 


other similar services. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Major generals. 3 

Colonels..—-- 9 

Lieutenant colonels- 14 

Majors...-.-. 21 

Captains, first class..—. 38 

Total---- 85 

ATTACHED. 

Captains, first class-- 4 

Captains, second class- 9 

First lieutenants. 31 

Total.-.-.... 44 

Grand total..... 129 




























30 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


XVII.—TECHNICAL CORPS. 

(a) ARTILLERY TECHNICAL OFFICERS. 

1. General Duties. —Inspection and direction of powder, 
ammunition, and artillery work, and other scientific labors 
bearing upon artillery. 

2. Composition and Numbers : 

Chief engineers, first class__ 5 

Chief engineers, second class- 5 

Chief engineers, third class.. 11 

Engineers..... 25 

... 46 
3 
3 
8 
66 
21 
85 
51 


Total____ 237 

Total artillery technical corps..283 


(b) TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CORPS. 

1. General Duties. —Direction of military constructions. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Acting general engineer____ 1 

Chief military constructing engineers, first class. _ 9 
Chief military constructing engineers, second class 14 
Chief military constructing engineers, third class. 18 

Military constructing engineers-55 

Military constructing assistant engineers_ 11 

Total.. 108 

Military constructing managers_ 21 

Military assistant constructing managers_42 

Total.. 63 

Total construction corps_ 171 

(c) TECHNICAL PIONEER WORKS CORPS. 


1. General Duties. —Direction of pioneer works. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Chief manager, second class. 1 

Managers. 2 

Assistant managers. 3 

Total. 6 


Total...... 

Chief artillery works managers, first class. 

Chief artillery works managers, second class- 

Artillery works managers... 

Artillery works officials, first class___ 

Artillery works officials, second class.. 

Artillery works officials, third class- 

Artillery works aspirants- 



























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


31 


(d) TECHNICAL TRAIN WORKS. 

1. General Duties.—D irection of military train works. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief manager, second class_ 1 

(e) TECHNICAL MILITARY COMMITTEE. 

1. General Duties.—D uties not specified. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Technical councilor.. 1 

Chief manager, first class_ 1 

Manager. 1 

Total. 3 

Grand total technical corps_ 464 

XVIII.—SANITARY corps. 

(a) MEDICAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—M edical service in the army during 
peace and war. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief of the military medical corps.. 1 

General staff physicians.. 4 

Senior staff physicians, first class__ 42 

Senior staff physicians, second class- 52 

Staff physicians_ 118 

Regiment physicians, first class.... 491 

Regiment physicians, second class-225 

Senior physicians. 171 

Junior physicians--,- 14 

Total_ 1,118 

Imperial and royal landwehr. 121 

Hungarian royal landwehr- 146 

Grand total_ 1,385 

(6) PHARMACEUTICAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—P harmaceutical service in the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Pharmaceutical director- 1 

Pharmaceutical managers. 9 

Pharmaceutical officials, first class.. 19 

Pharmaceutical officials, second class- 20 

Pharmaceutical officials, third class.-- 21 

Pharmaceutical aspirants.—-.-. 12 

Total . ..-. 82 





























32 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


(C) VETERINARY CORPS. 

1. General Duties. —Veterinary service in the army. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Senior veterinary surgeons, first class.. 35 

Senior veterinary surgeons, second class.- 26 

Veterinary surgeons----- 59 

Junior veterinary surgeons...- 42 

Total....-.162 

Landwehr. _... 18 

Grand total _ -....180 


XIX.—ECONOMIC STAFF. 

(a) INTENDANCE STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —General maintenance, clothing, and 
quartering of the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers.— Chief head of the eco¬ 
nomical section of the war ministry (included in its personnel). 


General intendants_ 3 

Senior military intendants, first class__. 16 

Senior military intendants, second class_ 35 

Military intendants_ ...7.. _ 86 

Junior military intendants.......... .t _ :~_"il3 

Attached_ 67 

Total___ ..320 

Austrian landwehr .. 56 

Hungarian landwehr, about. _ 65 

Total .. 121 

Grand total_ 441 


( b ) PROVISION CORPS. 

1. General Duties. —Providing for the army. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Senior provision managers, first class... 2 

Senior provision managers, second class.. 7 

Provision managers_______ 38 

Provision officials, first class_ 75 

Provision officials, second class__ 81 

Provision officials, third class_ 134 

Aspirants. 93 

Total.. 429 




























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


33 


4 


(c) paymasters’ corps. 

The paymasters’ corps is subdivided into paymasters’ corps 
proper and into comptrollers’ corps. 

(i) The paymasters’ corps proper. 

1. General Duties.—K eeping accounts and payment of 
soldiers. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Captains, first class.... 48 

Captains, second class.... 87 

First lieutenants...... 83 

Lieutenants... 199 

Total...417 

Austrian landwehr..... 65 

Hungarian landwehr. 78 

Grand total. 560 

(2) The comptrollers’ corps. 

1. General Duties.—S upervision of accounts and expen¬ 
ditures. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Ministerial councilors. 2 

Senior account councilors, first class. 4 

Senior account councilors, second class.. 14 

Account councilors. 48 

Account officials, first class.. 97 

Account officials, second class. 112 

Account officials, third class.. 147 

Aspirants. 150 

Accounting practitioners.- 20 

Total. 594 

Grand total.. .1,154 

( d ) MILITARY TREASURY STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—I n charge of military treasury, dis¬ 
bursements of pay, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Treasury director, first class—. 1 

Treasury director, second class.. 1 

Paymasters ...—.-. 4 

Officials, first class.. 9 

Officials, second class..—. 6 

Officials, third class-- 8 

Aspirants. 4 

Total. 33 

9990-3 
































34 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


(e) MILITARY REGISTRY STAFF, 

1. General Duties.—M ilitary registry for army head¬ 
quarters and general command, not specified fully. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Registry director..... 1 

Registry junior director... _.... 1 

Registrars__._ 15 

Registry officials, first class_*.. 25 

Registry officials, second class. 24 

Registry officials, third class... 27 

Aspirants. 12 

Total. ..... 105 

XX.—MILITARY AUDITORS’ STAFF (JUDGE ADVOCATE). 

1. General Duties.—I ntrusted with military justice, 
empowered to try military offenses, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General auditors__ 7 

Colonel auditors_ 12 

Lieutenant colonel auditors.. 22 

Ma j or auditors .. 33 

Captains, first class_ 59 

Captains, second class__ 33 

First lieutenants .. 25 

Auditor practitioners. 20 

Total_ 211 

IMPERIAL AND ROYAL LANDWEHR. 

General auditors. 1 

Colonels .. 1 

Lieutenant colonels -. 2 

Majors__ 7 

Captains.. 16 

Total_ 27 

HUNGARIAN ROYAL LANDWEHR. 

Auditors (rank not specified).. 38 

Grand total... 276 

XXI.—MILITARY EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT STAFFS. 

(a) CADET SCHOOLS. 

1. Purpose.—C adet schools are established to give military 
training to those aspiring to become officers of the army. 



























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


35 


2. Number of Cadet Schools: 

Regular army— 

14 cadet schools for infantry; 

1 cadet school preparatory for infantry; 

1 cadet school preparatory for cavalry; 

1 cadet school preparatory for artillery; 

1 cadet school preparatory for pioneers. 

Imperial and royal landwehr— 

1 cadet school. 

Hungarian royal landwehr— 

1 landwehr academy. 

3. Course of Study. —The curriculum covers four years. 
Graduates are admitted to the army as cadet officers. 


4. Administrative and Teaching Staff: 

(1) Army cadet schools— 

Commandants. 18 

Adjutants. 18 

Administrative officers..:. 18 

Others....:_ 6 

Teachers (regular). 230 

Attached teachers___ 45 

Total.. 335 

(2) Imperial and royal landwehr cadet school— 

Commandant.. 1 

Adjutant.. 1 

Administrative officer_ 1 

Teachers (regular)- 20 

Attached teachers. 3 

Total.. 26 

(3) Hungarian landwehr academy— 

No data. 

( b) MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE. 


1. Purpose. —The institute in Fischa has been established 
for the education of sons of deceased army officers. Its cur¬ 
riculum covers seven years. Graduates are admitted to the 
lower military “real” schools. Pupils are admitted between 


7 and 13 years of age. 

2. Staff: 

Commandant.. 1 

Adjutant.-...-. 1 

Administrative officer---- - 1 

Teachers..-.. 12 

Attached teachers. 2 

Total.. 17 





















36 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


(c) MILITARY LOWER “REAL” SCHOOLS. 

1. Purpose. —Military lower “real” schools give military 
and general training to pupils, with view of preparing them 
for higher military “real” schools directly and to military 
academies and cadet schools indirectly. Curriculum covers 
four years’ study. 

2 . Number of Schools. —There are four lower military 
“real” schools. 


3. Staff: 

Commandants-- 4 

Adjutants- 4 

Administrative officers.. 4 

Others- 1 

Teachers-- 41 

Aspirant teachers- 4 

Attached teachers- 5 

Total- 63 


( d) MILITARY HIGH “REAL” SCHOOL. 

1. Purpose. —The high “real” school prepares students 
for military academies and cadet schools. Those showing 
ability are sent to cadet schools. Admission prerequisite is 
graduation from lower “real” schools, or an equivalent 
course. Curriculum covers three years’ study. 


2. Staff: 

Commandant (major general)- 1 

Adjutant (captain)-- 1 

Administrative officer__ 1 

Others....-.... 1 

Teachers.. 27 

Aspirant teachers- 6 

Total__—.. 37 


( e) MILITARY ACADEMIES. 

1. Purpose. —The purpose of the academies is to prepare 
officers for the higher grades. Only the more able graduates 
of military “real’’high schools are admitted. Curriculum 
covers three years’ study. Graduates enter army as lieuten¬ 
ants. There are two academies—one for infantry, rifles, and 
cavalry; another technical, for artillery, pioneer, telegraph, 
and railway service. 

















AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


37 


2. Staff: 

Commandant (generals)... 2 

Adjutants. _ 2 

Administrative officers. 3 

Others.. 3 

Teachers_ 67 

Aspirant teachers __ 1 

Attached teachers.. 3 

Total....__ 81 


(/) WAR SCHOOL. 

1. Purpose. —The war school educates officers for the great 
general staff. 

2 . Admission Requirements. —Not less than three years’ 
service as officer in the army, and not less than two years in one 
subdivision, good record, celibacy, irreproachable financial 
standing, age not over 30, knowledge of at least two languages 
of the monarchy, and successful standing in a competitive 
examination. 

3 . The Course of Study. —The curriculum covers two 
years of study. 

4. Disposition of Graduates. —Graduates are' admitted 
to the great general staff as attached officers. The ablest of 
them are after a time admitted to the general staff as captains, 
others return after an indefinite period of time to their respec¬ 


tive regiments. 

5. Staff: 

Commandant (major general).. 1 

Adjutant...-.-.— 1 

Others.....-.. 1 

Teachers.-.-..-. 22 

Total...------ 25 


( g) SPECIAL MILITARY COURSES (lN VIENNA). 

1. Purpose. —Their object is instruction of higher army 
officers in technical artillery, engineering, and administrative 


courses. 

2. Staff: 

Commandants.-.. 2 

Adjutants. 2 

Teachers in artillery courses- 9 

Teachers in engineering courses.. 11 

Teachers in military intendance ----- 8 

Teachers in provision service. 5 

Total..-.-.. 27 






















38 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


( h ) SCHOOLS FOR ORPHAN DAUGHTERS OF DECEASED OFFICERS AND PRIVATE 


SOLDIERS. 

1. Schools for daughters of officers: 

Lady principals- 2 

Officials. 2 

Teachers_ 34 

Attached teachers... 

Total. 55 

2. Schools for daughters of private soldiers: 

Lady principals_ 2 

Principal_ 1 

Teachers--.-.- 7 

Sisters of charity teachers- 5 

Total__ 15 


(i) STAFFS OF OTHER SCHOOLS. 

1. Courses for construction work_ 

2. Army-firing school... 

3. Artillery-firing school.. 

4. Military riding school for officers_ 

5. Military fencing school for officers_ 

6. Cavalry telegraphic course for officers — 

7. Military veterinary course for officers . -. 


6 

3 

11 

6 

3 

22 


Total 


56 


Grand total staff of military education establish¬ 
ment____—.747 


XXII.—OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS. 

(a) MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE. 

1. Purpose. —The institute is intrusted with— 

(1) Military, astronomical and geodetical measurements, 
and military chart drawing; 

(2) Preparation and printing of maps, plans, and drawings 
for the use of the army; 

(3) Preservation of charts and maps; 

(4) A general aid to the army in all services requiring 
geographical and topographical knowledge; a similar aid to 
other state departments, and even to private enterprises, if 
means will permit it. 

2 . Subdivision. —The institute is divided into twenty sub¬ 
divisions, which form the following five groups: 

(1) The astronomical and geodetical group; 

(2) The map-making group; 























AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


39 


(3) The topographical group; 

(4) The technical group; 

(5) The administrative group. 


3. Staff: 

Director (major general). _. 1 

Adjutant.. 1 

Colonels__ 3 

Lieutenant colonel__ 1 

Majors..._.. 5 

Captains, first class.. 6 

Captain, second class. 1 

Government councilors............. 4 

Officials__ 5 

Total.. 27 


( b ) ORDNANCE ESTABLISHMENTS. 

1. Purpose. —The establishments act as agencies for pro¬ 
viding the army as a whole with clothes, arms, field utensils, 
harness, etc. The establishments comprise in time of peace 
four ordnance depots and two ordnance branch depots. 


2. Administrative Staff: 

Colonel.. 1 

Lieutenant colonels_ 2 

Majors......... 2 

Captains, first class_ 14 

Captains, second class ....._ _ _. 6 

First lieutenants... 27 

Lieutenants__-. 8 

Total.. 60 


(C) GARRISON HOSPITALS. 

1 . There are twenty-six garrison hospitals in the Empire. 

2. Staff. —Besides the staff of physicians and paymasters, 
who are included in other staffs, there are sixteen comman¬ 
dants : 

( d ) MILITARY BATH ESTABLISHMENT. 

1 . There a:’e four military bath establishments. 

2. Staff. —Commandants, 4. 

(e) INVALID ESTABLISHMENTS. 

1. Purpose. —The invalid houses are established for taking 
care of invalid officers and soldiers. There are four invalid 
houses and one invalid branch house. 




















40 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


2. Administrative Staff: 


Commandants— 

Generals .. 2 

Colonels. 2 

Captain.. 1 

Total .. 5 

Assistant commandants— 

Lieutenant colonel. 1 

Major. 1 

Total_ 2 

Adjutants— 

Captains. 3 

Lieutenant. 1 

Total.. 4 

Grand total_ 11 


Besides, there are physicians, one or two for each house, 
and a chaplain. They are included in the medical staff of 
the army. 

(J) MILITARY PENITENTIARY ESTABLISHMENT. 

1. Purpose. —The establishment is intended for the confine¬ 
ment of military offenders, sentenced to a term longer than a 
year. Other offenders are confined in garrisons. 


2. Staff: 

Commandant— 

Lieutenant colonel.. 1 

Captains, first class__ 2 

Total. 3 


Besides a physician, a paymaster, and a chaplain. 
















BELGIUM. 


REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Official. Ecole des pupilles de l’armee. Organisation de l’ecole, regle- 
ment. (Boys’ Military School.) Bruxelles, 1889. 

J. Lauth. L’etat militaire des principales puissances etrangeres au prin- 
temps de 1894. (The Military State of Principal Foreign Powers in 
Spring of 1894.) Paris, 1894. 

Official. Arrete royal du 27 septembre 1894, No. 11,174, portant organi¬ 
sation des cadres de l’armee sur le pied de paix. (Royal Order of 
September 27, Promulgating the Organization of the Army on a 
Peace Footing.) [No place, no date.] 

Official. Instruction provisoire concernant l’ecole d’application et de per- 
f ectionnement pour l’inf anterie. (Provisional Instructions Regarding 
the Infantry School of Application and Training.) Bruxelles, 1894. 

Official. Ecole de Guerre; programmes des examens d’admission. (War 
school; Programmes of Entrance Examinations.) Bruxelles, 1894. 

Official. Programme des conditions et connaissances exigees pour admis¬ 
sion a l’ecole militaire en 1897. (Programme of Conditions and Re¬ 
quirements for Admission to the Military School.) Bruxelles, 1897. 

J. Scott Keltie and I. P. A. Renwick. The Statesman’s Yearbook for the 
Year 1898. London, 1898. 

Official. Annuaire officiel de l’armee beige pour l’annee 1898. (Official 
Register of the Belgian Army for 1898.) Bruxelles, 15 Janvier 1898. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry .......... 29,545 

Cavalry...... 6,064 

Artillery_____ 8,759 

Engineers...... 2,006 

Gendarmerie.... 2,848 

Others...-...- 2,080 


Total____ 51,302 

II.—STRENGTH OF THE STAFF. 

Total strength of the staff--—. 1,368 


III.—THE GENERAL STAFF. 

(a) THE GENERAL STAFF CORPS. 

In Belgium the name 4 ‘ general staff ” is applied to the corps of 
generals of the army, and the body corresponding to the general 
staff of other countries is known as the “general staff corps.” 

1. Divisions and Duties.— The general staff corps directs 
the entire business of the service under orders of generals, and 
has charge of all matters pertaining to military operations 
and instructions. 


(41) 













42 


BELGIUM. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonels.. 5 

Lieutenant colonels-...---- 5 

Majors. 10 

First captains .... 16 

Second captains. 8 

Total___ 44 


3. Appointment to the General Staff Corps. —To the 
general staff corps are admitted the more able graduates of 
the war school. The school is designed for disseminating 
military knowledge, but its special aim is to prepare candi¬ 
dates for the general staff corps. To the school are admitted 
officers of artillery and engineers after having served at least 
five years as officers. The curriculum covers three years. 
Diplomas are given upon the standing in the final examina¬ 
tion, and those who obtain the average required for admis¬ 
sion to the general staff corps, and have shown ability during 
the course, are admitted to the staff corps. Other graduates, 
who pass the final examination, are considered attached mem¬ 
bers of the staff, and may in case of emergency be called upon 
to assist the staff, and even become members of it, but ordi¬ 
narily they serve with their regiments. 

( b ) THE COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL STAFF CORPS. 

1. General Duties. —Not specified. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —The committee is com¬ 
posed of five lieutenant generals and one major general. All 
these members belong to special staffs and are counted with 
them. One of the lieutenant generals is the chief of the 
general staff corps. His duties are not specified. 

IV.—OTHER ARMY STAFFS. 


1. Royal military household ... 16 

2. Military household of the Count of Flanders___ 3 

3. Military household of Prince Albert of Belgium. 1 

4. War ministry staff.. 83 

5. Military j ustice. 19 

6. Chaplains’ staff_ 48 

7. Administrative staffs__ 259 

8. Sanitary staffs__ 150 

9. Veterinary staff_ 35 

10. Military education staffs_ 149 

11. Staffs of territorial commands_ 76 

12. Engineering staff_ 195 

13. Special artillery staffs.__ 72 

14. Staffs of army in the field. 218 


Total... 1,324 






















BELGIUM. 


43 


I.—ROYAL MILITARY HOUSEHOLD. 

1. General Duties.— Personal service of the King. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Aids-de-camp (generals) .. 7 

Orderly officers: 

Major.. 1 

Captain. 1 

Officers attached to the military household— 

Generals.. 3 

Major. 1 

Captains... 2 

Lieutenant -. 1 

Total. 16 


II.—MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE COUNT OF FLANDERS. 

1. General Duties. —Personal service of the Count of 
Flanders. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Aids-de-camp, 1 general 
and 1 colonel; orderly officer, 1; total, 3. Besides, 1 orderly 
officer, major of the general staff corps. 

III.—MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF PRINCE ALBERT OF BELGIUM. 

1 . General Duties. —Personal service of Prince Albert. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Orderly officer, captain of 
artillery, 1 . Besides, 1 lieutenant colonel of the general staff 
corps as aid-de-camp. 

IV.—MINISTRY OF WAR. 

1 . The war ministry consists of the minister’s own office 
(cabinet), the secretariat, and six directions, with following 
duties: 

First direction. —Military instruction and operations. 

Second direction. —Personnel and recruiting. 

Third direction. —Materiel of artillery. 

Fourth direction. —Materiel of engineers. 

Fifth direction. —Cartographical institute. 

Sixth direction. —Administrative services. 

The first direction has in charge many affairs that in other 
countries form a part of the duties of the general staff of the 
army. It is composed of seven bureaus, with the following 
duties: 

First bureau: Organization and movement of troops. 

Second bureau: Mobilization. 

Third bureau: Military operations. 










44 


BELGIUM. 


Fourth bureau: General instruction of the army. 

Fifth bureau: Historical and military geographical labors. 
Sixth bureau: Statistics and organization of foreign armies 
and countries. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Generals...._.... 2 

Colonels...... 3 

Majors.. 2 

First captains. 7 

Second captains... r _■_ _ _ 5 

Lieutenants. 2 

Civil employees— 

Chiefs, subchiefs of bureaus .... 20 

Employees of first class_ 11 

Employees of second class .. 18 

Employees, supernumaries.. 7 

Archivists __ 5 

Draftsmen... 9 

- 62 

Total__ 83 


Besides 17 members of special staffs: 

Officers of the general staff corps— 

1 colonel; 

1 lieutenant colonel; 

2 majors; 

3 captains. 

Officers of engineers corps— 

2 captains. 

Officers of administrative corps— 

1 chief intendant; 

1 intendant of second class; 

1 subintendant, first class; 

6 subintendants, second class. 

V.—MILITARY JUSTICE. 

1. General Duties. —Administration of military justice. 

2. Division, Composition, and Numbers: 


(a) The military court— 

President_ 1 

Auditor general.. \ 

Deputy auditor general_ \ 

Secretary. \ 

Recorder. \ 

- 5 

(b) Provincial auditors...__ 14 

Total... i 9 






















BELGIUM. 


45 


VI.—chaplains’ staff. 

1. General Duties. —Religious service and religious care 


of soldiers and officers. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chaplains........ 20 

Chaplains, attached_ 2 

Priests. 26 

Total .. 48 


VII.—ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE. 

(a) INTENDANCE STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Military administration, intendance, 
keeping accounts, payment of the army, quartering, and 
provisions. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Chief intendant__ 1 

Intendants, first class_ 3 

Intendants, second class- 6 

Snbintendants, first class- 12 

Subintendants, second class_ 10 

Bookkeepers— 

Quartermaster captains- 39 

Paymasters, captains. 19 

Paymasters, lieutenants-- 31 

Paymasters, sublieutenants- 29 

Clothing administrators— 

First captains- 19 

Second captains --- 16 

Total- 185 


( b ) ADMINISTRATIVE BATTALION. 

1. General Duties. —Service of administration, provision, 


clothing, and other departments. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Senior officer of administration .... 1 

Officers of administration, first class... 17 

Officers of administration, second class... 18 

Officers of administration, third class-- 19 

Officers of administration, fourth class... 19 

Total..-.. 74 

Total administrative corps... 259 



























46 


BELGIUM. 


VIII.—SANITARY SERVICE. 

(a) MEDICAL STAFF. 

1 . General Duties.—M edical service in the army, in mili¬ 
tary hospitals, and military sanitary establishments. 

2 . Composition and Numbers 

Inspector general..... —.. 1 

Chief surgeons, first class-. 4 

Chief surgeons, second class-- 8 

Regimental surgeons, first class___ 15 

Regimental surgeons, second class- 14 

Regimental surgeons, third class--- 14 

Battalion surgeons, first class...... 28 

Battalion surgeons, second class- 49 

Attached surgeons-- 17 

Total___ 150 

(5) PHARMACEUTICAL STAFF. 

1 . General Duties.—P harmaceutical service in the army 
and military sanitary establishments. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Chief pharmacist...... 1 

Principal pharmacists..... 2 

Pharmacists, first class.._•_ 8 

Pharmacists, second class_ 8 

Pharmacists, third class_ 9 

Pharmacists, fourth class.__ 9 

Total........ 37 

Grand total for sanitary staff_ 187 

IX.—VETERINARY SERVICE. 

1 . General Duties.—V eterinary service in the army. 

2 . Composition and Numbers : 

Chief veterinary surgeon.. 1 

Principal veterinary surgeons_ 2 

Regimental veterinary surgeons, first class_ 10 

Regimental veterinary surgeons, second class_ 5 

Veterinary surgeons, second class_ 9 

Veterinary surgeons, third class.. 8 

Total.. 35 

X.—MILITARY EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 

(a) THE SCHOOL FOR ARMY PUPILS. 

1 . Purpose.—T he school is intended to give general educa¬ 
tion and military training to sons of members of the army, 



























BELGIUM. 


47 


and, with some restriction, to those of civilians, with the 
condition that the pupils will serve in the army until 24 
years of age. Admission requirements: Age between 11 and 
14, good physical condition, etc. Curriculum covers five 
years. Graduates enter the army in many cases when only 


15 years old. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Commandant (lieutenant colonel) ._ _ _. 1 

Captain... 1 

Lieutenants—... 6 

Sublieutenants__ 5 

Total.. 13 


Besides 2 members of special staffs: 

1 battalion surgeon. 

1 sublieutenant paymaster. 

(5) THE CADET SCHOOL. 

1. Description can not be given for lack of full references. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Commandant (major).. 1 

Captains.-. 2 

Second captain- 1 

Lieutenants... 10 

Sublieutenants .. 2 

Civilian professors.. 4 

Civilian teachers .. 2 

Total__—.22 


Besides 2 members of special staffs: 

1 lieutenant paymaster; 

1 chaplain. 

(c) THE SCHOOL OF APPLICATION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR INFANTRY. 

1. Purpose. —The purpose of the school is to complete the 
military training of newly promoted sublieutentants of infan¬ 
try ; and to make experimental studies on army organization, 
maintenance, equipment, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Major........ 1 

First captains------ 2 

Second captain...--- 1 


Total 


4 



















48 


BELGIUM. 


( d) RIDING SCHOOL. 

1. Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Second captains_ 3 

Lieutenants. 23 

Sublieutenants.. 6 

Total._ 33 


Besides 6 members of special staffs: 

1 lieutenant paymaster; 

1 regimental surgeon; 

2 regimental veterinary surgeons; 

2 veterinary surgeons of second class. 

(e) THE ARTILLERY FIRING SCHOOL. 

1. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonel____-.. 1 

Major.. 1 

Captain .. 1 

Second captains. 2 

Lieutenant. 1 

Total. 6 


Besides 3 members of special staffs: 2 surgeons and 1 vet¬ 
erinary surgeon. 

(/) SYLVICULTURAL COURSES. 

1. Composition and Numbers. —Captains, 2. 

(g) THE SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS AND FENCING. 

1 . Composition and Numbers. —Captain, 1 . 

( h ) THE MILITARY SCHOOL. 

1. Purpose. —The school aims to prepare candidate officers 
of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers. Candidates for 
admission must be between 17 and 21 years of age, and are 
required to pass an examination in several languages, in alge¬ 
bra, geometry, trigonometry, geography, history, and draw¬ 
ing. The curriculum for infantry and cavalry division covers 
two years; that for engineers and artillery four years. 














BELGIUM. 


49 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

The staff of the school— 

Lieutenant general (commandant)_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Major.. 1 

Captains.. 2 

Lieutenants. 7 

Civilian.... 1 

Professors— 

Captains..__ 2 

Civilians.. 7 

Tutors— 

Lieutenants. 10 

Civilians_ 3 

Teachers— 

Lieutenants_ 3 

Civilians. 4 

Assistants, etc.— 

Captain. 1 

Civilians_ 6 

Total.. 49 

Besides 15 members of special staffs: 

In the staff of the school— 

1 major of engineers; 

1 second captain of engineers; 

1 battalion surgeon. 

Professors— 

1 captain of the general staff corps; 

2 captains of engineers; 

1 second captain of engineers; 

1 pharmacist, second class. 

Tutors— 

5 lieutenants of engineers. 

Others— 

1 chaplain; 

1 lieutenant paymaster. 

(l) THE WAR SCHOOL. 

1. Purpose.—T he school is for the purpose of dissemi¬ 
nating military knowledge among army officers, and for in¬ 
structing candidates for membership in the general staff corps. 

2. Conditions and Requirements for Admission.—C an¬ 
didates for admission must have held the grade of officer for 
at least five years, must be well acquainted with the arm to 


9990-4 

















50 


BELGIUM. 


which they respectively belong, must be at least 32 years of 
age, and must pass an entrance examination. 

3. Curriculum covers three years’ study. 

4. Graduation. —Diplomas are given to those whose stand¬ 
ing, for the last two years of study and for examination is not 
below 50 per cent. Those whose standing is 65 per cent are 
granted diplomas as officers attached to the general staff 
corps. Those with a standing above 70 per cent may become 
members of the general staff corps. 


5. Composition and Numbers: 

Nomnembers of special staffs— 

Captains. 2 

Second captain__ 1 

Lieutenant... 1 

Civilians_ 7 

Total.. 11 


Members of special staffs: 

General staff officers— 

1 colonel; 

2 majors; 

4 captains; 

2 second captains. 

Engineers— 

3 captains. 

Administrative— 

1 lieutenant paymaster. 

V eterinary— 

1 regimental veterinary surgeon. 

Together, 14 members of special staffs. 

O') THE council for improvement of military schools. 

1. Duties indicated by the name. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Generals, 8. 

Besides 1 colonel of the general staff corps, commandant of 
war school. 

Grand total, educational staffs, 149. 

XI.—THE TERRITORIAL DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS. 

The Kingdom is divided into four military districts or cir¬ 
cumscriptions, which are further subdivided into provinces. 
There are eight provinces in the Kingdom. 







BELGIUM. 


51 


1. Composition and Numbers: 


(a) District headquarters. 

Lieutenant generals, commandants.. 4 

Maj or general_ 1 

Colonels. 5 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Major.. 1 

Captains. 6 

Second captains_ 11 

Lieutenants. 9 

Total .. 38 


Besides 18 members of special staffs: 

5 lieutenant colonels of general staff corps; 

2 intendants of first class; 

3 intendants of second class; 

4 subintendants; 

4 physicians. 

( b ) Provincial headquarters. 

(aa) Garrison staff— 


Colonel. 1 

Majors.. 5 

Captains. 6 

Second captains __ 3 

Lieutenants.-.—... 13 

Sublieutenants_ 7 

Total_ 35 

(hh) Commandants— 

Maj or generals_ 3 

Besides 2 major generals, aids-de-camp to the King. 
Total__-. 38 

Total staff of territorial headquarters- 76 


XII.—THE ENGINEER STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Direction of military engineering 
labors, of military constructions, fortifications, etc. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant general, general inspector- 1 

Colonels- 5 

Lieutenant colonels..- -.. 8 

Majors.-.-.. 11 

Captains- 38 

Second captains-- 29 

Lieutenants- 33 

Sublieutenants- 17 

Civilians.-..... 53 

Total__— -.- 195 
































52 


BELGIUM. 


XIII.—SPECIAL ARTILLERY STAFFS. 

1. General Duties. —The special artillery staffs are in¬ 
trusted with supervision and direction of arsenals, artillery 
manufacturing establishments, stores, parks, technical artil¬ 
lery works, and general inspection of artillery arm. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) General staff of artillery proper— 

Generals.... 6 

Colonels_ 7 

Lieutenant colonels- 3 

Majors- 12 

Captains.. 12 

Second captains .. 7 

Total .. 47 

( b ) Accounting officers of artillery stores— 

Major.. 1 

Captains_ 5 

Second captains- 5 

Lieutenants__ 7 

Sublieutenants-- 7 

Total__ 25 

Total artillery staffs- 72 


3. Distribution. —Forty-seven officers of special artillery 
staffs are employed at artillery parks, stores, and arsenals, 
and the rest are evenly distributed among (1) arsenal of con¬ 
struction, (2) cannon foundry, (3) arms inspection in state 
arms factory, and (4) pyrotechnical school. 

XIV.—STAFFS OF ARMY IN THE FIELD. 

(a) STAFFS OF SINGLE ARMY SUBDIVISIONS. 

1. Battalion staff: 

1 second captain, as adjutant; 

1 paymaster, second captain or lieutenant; 

1 battalion surgeon. 

2. Infantry regimental staff: 

1 adjutant (captain); 

1 color bearer (lieutenant or sublieutenant); 

1 equipment officer (captain); 

1 quartermaster (captain); 

1 ordnance officer (captain); 

1 paymaster (second captain, lieutenant, or second lieu ¬ 
tenant) ; 

1 regimental surgeon. 
















BELGIUM. 


53 


3. Cavalry regimental staff: 

2 adjutants (captain and second captain); 

2 second captains, attached; 

L color bearer (lieutenant or sublieutenant); 

1 quartermaster (captain); 

1 paymaster (captain, lieutenant, or sublieutenant); 

1 ordnance officer (captain); 

2 surgeons; 

3 veterinary surgeons. 

4. Artillery regimental staff: 

2 adjutants (captain and second captain); 

3 (4) second captains, attached; 

1 captain quartermaster; 

1 paymaster (lieutenant or sublieutenant); 

1 ordnance officer (captain); 

2 surgeons; 

2 veterinary surgeons. 

5. Brigade staff: .Each brigade is commanded by a major 
general, to whom is attached— 

1 aid-de-camp. 

6. Infantry division staff: 

It is seemingly identical with the staff of a military 
district (circumscription). * 

7. Cavalry division staff: 

1 colonel or lieutenant colonel, chief of the staff; 

1 (2) aids-de-camp; 

2 (3) second captains, or lieutenants attached. 

(6) AGGREGATE STAFFS OF ARMY IN THE FIELD. 


Second captains, battalion ad jntants__ 77 

Captains and second captains, regimental adjutants. 53 

Standard bearers, lieutenants.. 27 

Equipment officers, captains. 27 

Aids-de-camp (brigade and division) ... 22 

Other officers of divisions’ staffs_ 12 

Total. 218 


N. B.—All officers of the staff of army in the field, who are members of 
special staffs are omitted here. 


* See XI. —Territorial District Headquarters. 











DENMARK 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Year Book. Macmillan & Co., London. 1898. 
von Lobells Jahresberichte liber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Von Lobell’s Annual Reports on Changes and Prog¬ 
ress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

The Armed Strength of Denmark. By Capt. W. S. Cooke. London, 1874. 
Den danske Haers Ordning. (The Organization of the Danish Army.) 
Kopenhagen, 1888. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY, 

Infantry..... 8,983 

Cavalry.. 1,390 

Artillery.... 1,068 

Other arms-- 2,293 

Total. 13,734 

II.—TOTAL STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total strength of staff officers, military and admin¬ 
istrative .....— 253 


III.—GENERAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Preparation in time of peace and 
execution in time of war of all military operations. 

2. Composition and Numbers.— It is composed of: 

(1) Commanding generals, and 

(2) General staff proper. 


(1) COMMANDING GENERALS. 

1. General Duties.— Command of troop units. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General.-.. 

Lieutenant generals-- 

Major generals..-. 

Total.. 


(2) GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

1. General Duties.— Preliminary work in time of peace 
in regard to mobilization and future movements of the troops; y 

(55) 
















56 


DENMARK. 


aid to commanding generals in carrying out all the measures 
elaborated for the defense of the country. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Chief of general staff.-- 1 

Colonels. 2 

Lieutenant colonels.. 2 

Captains. 8 

Lieutenants_ 12 

Total_ 25 


3. Chief of General Staff and Duties. —Ranking as 
major general, he is the central organ for the direction of the 
army, and the distribution and movements of the army; per¬ 
sonnel and instruction of officers; organization, training, 
armament, and mobilization of troops; natural defenses, etc. 

4. Division and Duties. —It is divided into (a) Home gen¬ 
eral staff, and (b) General staff with troops. 

(a) HOME GENERAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Originating the measures which are 
to be carried out by the general staff with the troops. 

2. Composition, Division, and Duties. —The general staff 
in peace is divided into a tactical and a topographical sub¬ 
department, each under a colonel as chief, and having a cer¬ 
tain number of captains and subalterns attached for duty, 
according to the labors in hand and the discretion of the chief 
of the staff. 

The tactical department is responsible for the general prep¬ 
aration of the country for a state of defense; it takes charge 
of and compiles the war archives, frames and publishes sta¬ 
tistical information of military interest, and is required to 
give its advice on all questions bearing on organization or 
relating to strategy and tactics. 

The topographical subdepartment has charge of the trian¬ 
gulation and surveys, and the publication of the military, 
general, and other maps. 

( b ) GENERAL STAFF WITH TROOPS. 

1. General Duties. —Carrying out orders of the home 
general staff, while obeying at the same time other (minor) 
V orders of the generals commanding the units of the troops. 










DENMARK. 


57 


2. Composition, Division, and Number.—T here being 
two general headquarters of troops, there are two staffs of 
the generals commanding, each consisting of: 

Colonel, as chief of staff.... 1 

Captain, as assistant chief.. 1 

Lieutenant ..... 1 

Total. 3 

IV.—OTHER STAFFS. 

They consist of: 

(1) Infantry inspection. 4 

(2) Cavalry inspection__ 4 

(3) Artillery inspection.. 19 

(4) Engineers inspection_ 5 

(5) The judge-advocate general’s department_ 9 

(6) The intendance department. 87 

(7) The medical department. 55 

(8) The veterinary department -. 14 

(9) The military officials department__.. 17 

Total. 214 

(1) THE INFANTRY INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—T o superintend the military train¬ 
ing and general efficiency of infantry. 

2. Composition and Number: 

General officer (inspector).. 1 

Captain of infantry (chief of staff)...^. 1 

Lieutenant of infantry (adjutant)... 1 

Military official. 1 

Total. 4 

(2) THE CAVALRY INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—T o superintend the military train¬ 
ing and general efficiency of cavalry. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General officer (inspector).. 1 

Captain of cavalry (chief of staff).. 1 

Lieutenant of cavalry (adjutant)- 1 

Military official----. 1 

Total.. 4 


























58 


DENMARK. 


(3) THE ARTILLERY INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—T o superintend the military train¬ 
ing and general efficiency of artillery. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General officer (inspector).. 1 

Colonel of artillery (chief of staff)- 1 

Captains of artillery. 3 

Lieutenant of artillery- 1 

Clerk of the archives __ 1 

Draftsman.. 1 

Total. 8 

Also held at the disposal of the chief for service on the 
artillery staff: 

Colonels.__ 2 

Captains. 2 

Lieutenants. 7 

Total. 9 

Total artillery staff-- 17 

(4) THE ENGINEER INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—T o superintend the military train¬ 
ing and general efficiency of engineers. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General officer (inspector).. 1 

Captain of engineers (chief of staff).. 1 

Lieutenant of engineers (adjutant)... 1 

Clerk. 1 

Draftsman ....... 1 

Total.. 5 

(5) THE JUDGE-ADVOCATE GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—A uditoriat of both land and sea 
forces. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Auditor general. 1 

Auditors.—...... 8 

Total... 9 

(6) THE INTENDANCY DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.—D irection and control of the intend¬ 
ancy. 

























DENMARK. 


59 


2. Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant general (chief)__ 1 

Staff intendants.. 3 

Superior intendants.. 12 

Intendants_ 30 

Reserve intendants. 41 

Total.. 87 

3. Division: 


(a) STAFF OF CORPS. 

1 staff intendant, chief of staff. 

2 superior intendants. 

1 intendant. 

(b) ATTACHED TO TWO GENERAL COMMANDS. 

1 staff intendant. 

3 superior intendants. 

2 intendants. 

1 reserve intendant. 

(c) STORE DEPARTMENT. 

1 staff intendant. 

4 intendants. 

( d ) WAR DEPARTMENT. 

2 superior intendants. 

(e) GARRISON HOSPITAL. 

1 superior intendant. 

(/) MILITARY CLOTHING DEPARTMENT. 

1 intendant. 

(g) WITH THE TROOPS. 

3 superior intendants. 

13 intendants. 

1 reserve intendant. 

Note. —Some of the reserve intendants are on noneffective 
list. 

(7) THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.— Medical service with both the land 
and sea forces. 








60 


DENMARK. 


2. Composition and N umbers: 


Staff surgeon (chief of corps)__ 1 

Surgeon majors___- 11 

Surgeons.._.. 24 

Reserve surgeons and assistants-- 19 

Total____ 55 


(8) THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties. —Veterinary service in cavalry and 


artillery corps. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Staff veterinary surgeon (as chief)-- 1 

Veterinary surgeon majors .. 5 

Veterinary surgeons...... 4 

Reserve veterinary surgeons__ 4 


14 

(9) THE MILITARY OFFICIALS’ DEPARTMENT. 

The class of military officials comprises persons who possess 


the requisite technical knowledge. 

1. In the artillery: 

Armorer-in-chief ..._. 1 

Superintendent of experimental proofs_ 1 

Store superintendents ..... 3 

Archivist. 1 

Registrars__ 8 

Other employees.. 3 

Total artillery. 12 

2. In the engineers: 

Architect’s clerks..... 1 

Store superintendents... 2 

Draftsmen. 1 

Total engineers... 4 

3. In the general staff: 

Depot superintendent (topographical service)... 1 

Total military officials. 17 


























FRANCE 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 

von Lobells Jahresberichte liber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Von Lobell’s Annual Reports on Changes and Prog¬ 
ress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

Manuel de Legislation, d’Administration et de Comptabilite Militaires. 
(Manual of Military Legislation, Administration, and Accounts.) 
L. Beauge. Paris, 1896. 

Die Franzosische Armee im Krieg und Frieden. (French Army in War 
and Peace.) Moritz Exner. Berlin, 1894. 

Code-Manuel de Lois Organiques de l’Armee. (Code and Manual of the 
Organic Laws of the Army.) Official. Paris, 1893. 

Manuel de l’Organisation de l’Armee et du Fonctionnement des Services 
Militaires. (Manual of Army Organization and Operation of Mili¬ 
tary Service.) C. Lasalle. Paris, 1892. 

Handbook of the French Army. Official publication. London, 1891. 

The Armed Strength of France. Major C. J. East. London, 1887. 


STRENGTH OF THE ACTIVE ARMY. 


Infantry..-.. 391,230 

Cavalry-- 80,048 

Artillery--- 87,867 

Other arms. ..--- 58,814 


Total ..—-.. 617,959 

Total force of staff officers (military and adminis¬ 
trative).... 9,974 


Besides over 3,000 officers attached to staffs and performing staff duties. 

Note. —The French active army of a little over 600,000 men on peace 
footing is supplied with all the military and administrative staffs required 
for the 4,000,000 army on a war footing. 

I.—GENERAL OFFICERS. 

1 . General Duties.— Command of the troop units. 

2 . Composition, Division, and Numbers.—Two classes: 
(a) Commanding generals, and (6) Reserve army generals, 
who have reached the age limit. 


(61) 











62 


FRANCE. 


(a) COMMANDING GENERALS. 

Marshals of France_(number not fixed by law) 

Division generals.....110 

Brigade generals--- 220 


Total 


330 


(b) RESERVE GENERALS. 

Division generals over 65 years of age. 

Brigade generals over 62 years of age. 

II.—GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

1. General Duties. —Preparation in time of peace of all 
military operations, and aid to commanding generals in the 
execution of plans in time of war. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals (4, already counted under “General 


Officers. ”) 

Colonels__ 30 

Lieutenant colonels ___ 40 

Majors-- 170 

Captains.. 400 

Total_ 640 

Principal archivists of the first class_ 10 

Principal archivists of the second class_ 35 

Archivists, first class___ 40 

Archivists, second class_ 45 

Archivists, third class____ 50 

Total_ -180 

Grand total_ 820 


Note.—B esides the above regular number there is always a certain 
number (in the neighborhood of 3,000) of attached officers. 

3. Chief of the General Staff and Duties. —The 
chief of the general staff, a lieutenant general or major 
general, is charged, under the authority of the minister of 
war, with the direction of the personnel and the instruction 
of officers- of the staff; with the organization, training, arma¬ 
ment, mobilization of troops, natural defenses, etc.; and also 
with the service of administration and sanitation in the 
branches mentioned. 

He also prepares the officers by work in time of peace and 
by general-staff journeys, for the role they are to fill in case 
of war. 


















FRANCE. 


63 


4. Division and Duties.— It is divided into: (a) Office of 
the chief of the general staff, (6) First section, (c) Second 
section, and ( d) Survey section; and their composition, sub¬ 
division, and duties are as follows: 

(a) OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Supervision of work of the entire 
general staff. It is directly under the chief of the general 
staff. 

Composition and Number.— Variable. 

(6) FIRST SECTION. 

General Duties. —Matters connected with the active 
army only , as follows: General correspondence, military 
operations, personal matters, military law, and the military 
departments. 

Composition and Number. —First assistant chief of the 
general staff and a variable number of officers, attached offi¬ 
cers, and archivists. 

Subdivisions and Duties.— The first section is subdivided 
into: ( aa) Second bureau, (66) Third bureau, and ( cc ) Fourth 
bureau. The duties of each office are as follows: 

(aa) Second bureau. —Foreign armies and military statistics. 

(66) Third bureau. —Military operations in the field, and 
the military training of the army. 

(cc) Fourth bureau .—Communications of the forces in the 
field, railways, and transportation of the army. 

(c) SECOND SECTION. 

General Duties. —Matters concerning the territorial army 
only , as follows: Recruiting and organization, artillery and 
engineers’ establishments, and fortifications. 

Composition and Numbers. —Second assistant chief of 
the general staff and a variable number of officers, attached 
officers, and archivists. 

Subdivisions and Duties. —The second section is sub¬ 
divided into: (aa) First bureau, (66) Personnel subsection, 
(cc) Materiel subsection, (dd) Telegraphic subsection, (ee) 
Historical subsection, and (ff) African subsection. The 
duties of each office and subsection are as follows: 

(aa) First bureau. —Organization and mobilization. 



64 


FRANCE. 


(bb) Personnel subsection. —Personnel of the general staff 
service, superior war school, command of fortified places, 
military interpreters, military missions, technical field rail¬ 
way sections, military telegraphy, and paymaster’s and postal 
department. 

(cc) Materiel subsection. —According to name. 

(dd) Telegraphic subsection. —According to name. 

(ee) Historical subsection. —According to name. 

(-ff) African subsection. —Matters connected with the army 
in Africa. 

(d) SURVEY SECTION. 

General Duties. —Geodesy and astronomy, precise sur¬ 
veys, topography, and map drawing. 

Composition and Numbers : 


Brigadier general or colonel- 1 

Colonels_ 2 

Lieutenant colonels- 3 

Majors. 7 

Totals.... 13 


Besides a variable number of captains. 

III.—TROOP STAFFS. 

General Duties. —Executing the orders of the general 
staff, whilst obeying at the same time other (minor) orders of 
the generals in command of the troop units. 

Each of these staffs’ duties are twofold: (a) Active duties, 
and (b) Office duties. 

(a) Active Duties. —They are not subdivided. 

(b) Office Duties. —Subdivided into three parts: (1) Per¬ 
sonnel and materiel office, (2) Intelligence department, and 
(3) Marches and operations (on paper). 

(1) First bureau , personnel and materiel. —Organization, 
strength, losses, reenforcements, rewards, and military law, 
ammunition, materiel of every description, supplies, and office 
correspondence with other commands, departments, etc. 

(2) Second bureau , intelligence and political. —“Ordres de 
Bataille,” and operations before the enemy, the intelligence 
department, maps and statistics, interpreters, newspaper cor¬ 
respondents and spies, all dealings with the enemy or the 
inhabitants of the invaded country, flags of truce, and requi¬ 
sitions and contributions. 








FRANCE. 


65 


(3) Third bureau , marches and operations. —Quarters, 
marches, battles, detachments, flying columns, the parole and 
•countersign, and journals of marches and operations. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(а) Staff of commander in chief___ _ 

(б) Staff of commander of armies_ 13 

(c) Staff of army corps commands__ 209 

( d) Staff of infantry or cavalry divisions_ 184 

(e) Staff of infantry or cavalry brigades_ 256 

(/) Staff of infantry or cavalry regiments.. 1,116 

( g) Staff of independent battalions__ 105 

( h ) Staff of military government of Paris_ 13 

( i ) Fortress staff____ _ 

(fc) Special artillery staff__ 280 

(Z) Special engineers’ staff____ 486 


Total....2,666 

Divided as follows: 

(a) STAFF OF THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF. 

A major general and a variable number of officers. 

( b ) STAFF OF AN ARMY. 

Division or brigade general_ 1 

Brigade general or colonel_ 1 

Field officers-- 3 

Captains or lieutenants. 5 

Orderly officers- 2 

Archivists...- 1 

Total_—---- 13 

(c) ARMY CORPS STAFFS. 

The usual staff of an army corps comprises: 

General officer or colonel, as chief of staff-- 1 

Colonel or lieutenant colonel, as assistant chief- 1 

Majors----.-.- 2 

Captains....-.. 3 

Orderly officers- 2 

Archivists-- 2 

( d ) STAFFS OF DIVISIONS. 

The divisional staff usually comprises: 

Lieutenant colonel or major, as chief of staff- 1 

Captains or lieutenants---- 2 

Orderly officer. 1 


9990 — 5 































66 


FRANCE. 


(e) STAFFS OF BRIGADES. 

The staff of a brigade usually comprises: 

Orderly officer_ 1 

Archivist. 1 

(/) REGIMENTAL STAFFS. 

The staff of a regiment usually comprises: 

Captain (paymaster)_ 1 

Lieutenant (assistant paymaster) --- 1 

Intendance officer- 1 

Orderly officer - 1 


(g) INDEPENDENT BATTALIONS’ STAFFS. 

At the rate of: 

Lieutenant (paymaster) ___. 1 

Lieutenant* (intendant)_ 1 

( h ) STAFF OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF PARIS. 

General officer or colonel, as chief of staff_ 1 

Colonels or lieutenant colonels _ 2 

Major. 1 

Captains-- 4 

Orderly officers_ 2 

Archivists. 3 

Total_ 13 


(i) FORTRESS STAFFS. 

There are no reliable data on the subject, except that each 
fortress has a field officer, as chief of staff, and a variable 
number of officers on the staff and attached to the staff, orderly 
officers, and archivists. 

(k) SPECIAL ARTILLERY STAFF. 


Colonels.. 37 

Lieutenant colonels__ 37 

Majors. 98 

Captains, first and second class___ 112 

Total.. 284 


Note.—A variable number of sublieutenants is attached to the staff, 
and these officers are accounted for as belonging to the artillery staff. 

(Z) SPECIAL ENGINEERS’ STAFF. 


Colonels- 33 

Lieutenant colonels_•___.._ 33 

Majors.___ 124 

Captains. 148 

Second captains. 148 

Total. 486 




























FRANCE. 


67 


Note 1.— To assist them in their duties, engineer officers have under 
their orders a corps of military employees, termed “adjoints du genie” 
(assistant engineers), who have the rank of officers, but possess a special 
hierarchy, which does not in any manner correspond to the different 
army grades. They are divided into five classes, and number altogether 
570. 

Note 2.—A variable number of second lieutenants is attached to the 
staff, and these officers are accounted for as belonging to the engineer 
staff. 

IV.—OTHER STAFFS. 

General Duties.— To provide the troops with all neces¬ 


saries. 

Composition and Numbers: 

1. Central administration staff_..... 731 

2. Corps of military intendance___ 387 

3. Corps of officers of administration..1,346 

4. Corps of medical officers.... 1,485 

5. Corps of veterinary surgeons. 432 

6. Corps of military interpreters.... 75 

7. Recruiting and mobilization department staff _ 796 

8. Paymaster’s and postal department staff_ 76 

9. Military telegraph department staff ... 46 

10. Military railway department staff.. 88 

11. Military school department staff... 300 

12. Military justice department staff. 222 

13. Remount department’s staff__ 99 

14. Algerian native affairs staff.... 75 


Total.... 6,158 


1. CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION STAFF. 

General Duties.—O rganization, call to arms, armament, 
mobilization, and maintenance of the land army. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Chief of the minister’s cabinet-- 1 

Assistant chief.. 1 

Chief of the general staff_ 1 

Assistant chiefs of the general staff... 2 

Directors...—.. 9 

Assistant directors...... _ 6 

Chief of the interior service.... 1 

Bureau chiefs . 30 

Assistant bureau chiefs. 51 

Section chiefs -...-. 7 

Special agents- 3 

Chief clerks, first class.. 250 

Chief clerks, second class..-. 131 

Employees.. 238 

Total...--- 731 
































08 


FRANCE. 


About 200 officers are attached for duty. 

Division and Duties.— This staff is divided as follows: 

(1) Minister’s cabinet, subdivided into— 

(а) First bureau—centralization of the work for the Pres¬ 
ident of the Republic, secret correspondence, and public audi¬ 
ences. 

(б) Second bureau—organization of committees and com¬ 
missions, correspondence on public security, general affairs, 
discipline, and applications for employment, etc. 

(c) Third bureau—personnel of the central administration. 

(2) Infantry department, subdivided into— 

(a) Infantry bureau—personnel of that arm. 

(b) Instruction bureau—technical instruction and materiel 
of that arm, infantry schools. 

(c) Recruiting bureau. 

(d) Bureau of reserves and the territorial army. 

(3) Cavalry department, subdivided into— 

(a) Bureau of personnel and schools. 

(b) Remount bureau. 

(c) Gendarmery bureau—personnel, barracks, schools, 
mounts, and special allowances of that arm. 

(d) Military justice bureau. 

(4) Artillery department, subdivided into— 

(а) Bureau of personnel. 

(б) Bureau of materiel. 

(5) Engineers’ department, subdivided into— 

(a) Bureau of personnel. 

(b) Bureau of materiel. 

(c) Bureau of military telegraphy. 

(d) Aerostatical bureau. 

(6) Administrative department, subdivided into— 

(a) First bureau—administrative personnel, general trans¬ 
ports, convoys, and military railroads. 

(b) Second bureau—military subsistence, heating, and 
lighting. 

(c) Paymaster’s bureau. 

(d) Quartermaster’s department. 


FRANCE. 


69 


(7) Gunpowder and saltpeter department (not subdivided) 
having charge of: Personnel and materiel of the body called 
“ Gunpowder and Saltpeter,” central depot of gunpowder and 
saltpeter, powder factories, orders and purchases, etc. 

(8) Medical department (not subdivided): Medical and phar¬ 
maceutical personnel, hospital and ambulance materiel, med¬ 
ical statistics, professional instruction. 

2. CORPS OF MILITARY INTENDANCE. 

General Duties. —Direction, execution, and control of 


intendance. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Intendants general. 7 

Military intendants.. _..... 30 

Military subintendants _. _. 90 

Military subintendants of the second class... 100 

Military subintendants of the third class... 110 

Assistant military intendants.. 50 

Total. . .387 


3. CORPS OF OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION. 

General Duties. —Administration of the intendance of¬ 
fices, subsistence, hospitals, clothing, and camp equipment. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Principal officers of administration ... 57 

Officers of administration, first class- 171 

Officers of administration, second class.. 270 

Officers of administration, ad joints, first class. 424 

Officers of administration, ad joints, second class. __ 424 


Total ....— 1,346 


Division and Duties. —The corps is divided, according to 


duties, into the following four sections: 

First section, officers of administration of intend¬ 
ance office.... 500 

Second section, officers of administration of sub¬ 
sistence office ...... 400 

Third section, officers of administration of hospitals. 350 

Fourth section, officers of administration of cloth¬ 
ing and camp equipment.. 96 

Total__--- 1,346 




















70 


FRANCE. 


4. CORPS OF MEDICAL OFFICERS. 

General Duties.— Medical service in army units, hospi¬ 
tals, and ambulances. Supervision of the materiel and stores 
of hospitals and ambulances. 

Composition and Numbers.— The corps is composed of 
surgeon officers and apothecary officers, as follows: 


Surgeon inspector general-,.. 1 

Inspecting surgeons ----- 9 

Principal surgeons, first class-- 45 

Principal surgeons, second class..... 45 

Surgeons (major), first class- 320 

Surgeons (major), second class-480 

Assistant surgeons (major), first class..300 

Assistant surgeons (major), second class- 100 

Total surgeon officers-..1,300 

Inspecting apothecary. 1 

Principal apothecaries, first class_ 6 

Principal apothecaries, second class... 6 

Apothecaries (major), first class... 46 

Apothecaries (major), second class- 68 

Assistant apothecaries (major), first class_ 43 

Assistant apothecaries (major), second class __ 15 

Total apothecary officers... 185 


Total medical officers....1,485 


5. CORPS OF VETERINARY SURGEONS. 

General Duties.— Veterinary service with mounted 
troops, certain military schools, and remount establishments. 
Inspection of slaughter-cattle and ration meat. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Generals_ 2 

Colonels __ 2 

Military apothecary- 1 

Principal veterinary surgeons, first class___ 9 

Principal veterinary surgeons, second class.. _ 6 

First veterinary surgeons. 143 

Second veterinary surgeons.. 151 

Assistant veterinary surgeons.. 115 

Inspector of the veterinary schools_ 1 

Inspector of the Alfort veterinary school_ 1 

Professor of the Alfort veterinary school.. 1 

Total. 432 
































FRANCE. 


71 


Division and Duties: 

(а) Troop service...... 419 

(б) Committee on veterinary hygiene— 

General of division, president,. 1 

General of brigade, vice-president .. 1 

Colonel of cavalry.... 1 

Colonel of artillery. 1 

Military apothecary_ 1 

Principal veterinary surgeons.. 5 

Inspector of veterinary schools.. 1 

Director of Alfort veterinary school_ 1 

Professor of Alfort veterinary school_ 1 

Total.. 13 

Grand total. 432 

6. MILITARY INTERPRETERS’ CORPS. 

General Duties.—E xplained by the name. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Principal interpreters .. 5 

Interpreters, first class.. 8 

Interpreters, second class,. 12 

Interpreters, third class.. 15 

Total. 40 

Assistant interpreters, first class .. 15 

Assistant interpreters, second class. 20 

Total.. 35 

Total interpreters.. 75 

7. RECRUITING AND MOBILIZATION DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties.—A ll matters at the headquarters sta¬ 
tions of district subdivisions connected with recruiting, 
mobilization, requisitions, and the territorial army. 
Composition and Numbers: 

18 district officers, of 2 officers each.. 36 

152 subdistrict officers, of 5 officers each..760 

Total. 796 

Division and Duties.—T his department is divided as 
follows: 


























72 


FRANCE. 


(a) District Offices. —There are 18 army corps districts, 
and there are 18 district offices, each in charge of two officers, 
as administrative personnel: 

1 captain major; 

1 lieutenant or sublieutenant; 

Total, 2 officers; and the total in 18 offices, 36. 

(b) Subdistrict Offices.—I n each army corps district 
there are 8 subdistrict offices; 144 recruiting offices, besides 
8 supplementary offices, making in all 152 subdistrict offices, 
each with the following personnel: 

(1) One field officer in command; 

(2) Recruiting, mobilization, and requisitions: 

1 captain; 

1 lieutenant or sublieutenant. 

(3) Administration of the territorial army: 

1 captain or major; 

1 lieutenant or sublieutenant; 

Total, 5 officers; and the total in 152offices, 760, mak¬ 
ing a grand total of 796. 

Note.—-E ach of the above offices is subdivided into four 
sections: (1) recruiting; (2) mobilization ; (3) requisitions, and 

(4) territorial army. 

8. PAYMASTERS AND POSTAL DEPARTMENT. 

This department is at all times organized, but is called into 
activity only when mobilization is ordered. 

General Duties. —The duties of this department are as 
follows: 

(a) Receipt of all funds; 

(b) Discharge of all payments; 

(c) Undertaking of all receipts; 

( d ) Conduct of the postal service in the field. 

Composition and Numbers.— Personnel is recruited from— 

(a) Different services dependent on the minister of finance; 

(b) Officers belonging to the disponibilite (or reserve of the 
active army) to the territorial army or its reserve, and con¬ 


sists of— 

Paymasters general (ranking as generals of brigade) __ 4 

Principal paymasters (ranking as colonels)_ 18 

Special paymasters (ranking as majors)_ 54 

Assistant paymasters (ranking as captains)_ * 

Paymaster clerks (ranking as sublieutenants)_ * 

Postal clerks (ranking as sublieutenants)__ * 


* The exact number of the last three classes is not fully determined. 







FRANCE. 


73 


Division and Duties: 

(a) At headquarters of each army, 1 paymaster general. 

(b) At headquarters of each army corps, 1 principal pay¬ 
master and 1 assistant paymaster. 

(c) At headquarters of each division, 1 special paymaster, 
besides a number of assistants and clerks at each of these 
headquarters. 

9. MILITARY TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —To establish and control all telegraphic 
communication which the army may require in peace and in 
war. 

Composition. —It consists of an undetermined number of 
officers, who either previously possessed the necessary profes¬ 
sional knowledge, or were instructed in the military tele¬ 
graphic schools, employed as— 

Directors of telegraphy (ranking as lieutenant colonels); 

Subdirectors of telegraphy (ranking as majors); 

Section chiefs (ranking as captains); 

Section assistant chiefs (ranking as lieutenants); 

Post chiefs (ranking as sublieutenants). 

Division and Duties: 

(a) General inspection. —A general officer to inspect annu¬ 
ally and report to war minister. 

(b) Central direction. —Accumulating in peace all the neces¬ 
sary materiel and personnel to insure or to complete the 
necessary service in time of war. Direction of secondary and 
other establishments. 

(c) Secondary establishments.— Present communication be¬ 
tween the war office and the troops in France, Algiers, and 
Tunis. 

(d) Field service , which is subdivided as follows: (1) Gen¬ 
eral direction; (2) sections of the first line or of march; (3) sec¬ 
tions of the second line or of communications; (4) the third or 
territorial line; (5) telegraphic parks. 

Note. —All the above service is permanently organized, but 
the sections of the first line, numbering from 1 to 18, and six 
sections of the second line are not in active service, being only 
mobilized in case of war or during maneuvers. 


74 


FRANCE. 


The military telegraphic service is also subdivided into: 
(1) Electric telegraphy; (2) optical telegraphy; (3) light cav¬ 
alry telegraphy; (4) infantry signal corps; (5) military pigeon 
service; (6) military balloon service. 

10. MILITARY RAILWAY DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —Use of railways by the army. 

Composition, Division, Duties, and Number. —This de¬ 
partment consists of— 

(A) Central railway division; 

(B) Field railway division. 

(A) Central Railway Division. 

This division is subdivided into: 

(a) Superior military railway commission, composed of— 


President, general of division... 1 

Vice-president, general of brigade__ 1 

Civil member (ministry of public works)_ 1 

Civil members (syndicate of railroad companies)_ 2 

Field officer of the general staff_,___ 1 

Field officer of artillery ... 1 

Field officer of engineers___ 1 

Field officer of intendance..... 1 

Field officer of navy_____ — 

Secretary, major of general staff.... 1 

Total army officers ... 7 


(i b ) Committees of study, charged with all studies as to 
proper use of the system, materiel, and personnel of the 
companies, and with the execution of strategical movements. 
They are in their turn subdivided into (1) movements within 
the base of operations, and (2) movements beyond it. 

There are eight committees, and each consists, besides other 
members, of one civil member (agent of the company), and 
one field officer of the staff. 

(c) Halting-place committees, appointed on each of the eight 
railroad lines at certain stations, and each composed of (1) a 
captain or superior officer of the military commissary, with 
the authority of a commandant de place ; (2) one officer of the 
administrative service (at those stations where meals are 
taken), and (3) an agent of the company, technical commis¬ 
sary ; total about 80. 












FRANCE. 


75 


( B ) Field Railway Division. 

This division is subdivided into: 

(a) Field railway direction, charged with all the movements 
beyond the base of operations, and consists of— 


General officer or colonel_ 1 

Railway engineer_ — 

Superior officer of engineers ..... 1 

Superior officer of artillery... 1 

Junior officer of intendance .. 1 

Principal paymaster___■... 1 

Total army officers.. 5 


Besides a number of officers of different arms and of 
administration. 

( b ) Military field railway committees, charged with mili¬ 
tary working of the sections of railways beyond the base of 
operation. There are more than eight of these committees, 


and each consists of— 

Superior officer, president. 1 

Officer of engineers, commandant of technical troops 1 

Junior officer of intendance.. 1 

A railway engineer.— 

Total, each committee.. 8 

(c) Field railway halting-place committees; each consists of: 

Officer .. 1 

Station master..-.-. 1 

Junior officer of intendance- 1 

An accountant.. — 

Total, each committee.. 3 


11. MILITARY SCHOOLS DEPARTMENT STAFF. 

General Duties. —Military education of officers, noncom¬ 
missioned officers, and men, and soldiers’ minor sons. 

Composition and Numbers. —The military schools are as 
follows: 

(1) Hdriot Orphan School; 

(2) Preparatory schools; 

(3) Prytande militaire; 

(4) Polytechnic school; 

(5) Special military school; 

(6) Sanitary service school; 

(7) Infantry school; 


















76 


FRANCE. 


(8) Artillery, engineers, and train military school; 

(9) School of administration; 

(10) Schools of application- 

infantry ; 

Artillery and engineers; 

Gunpowder and saltpeter (explosives); 

Military medicine and pharmacy; 

(11) Normal school of gymnastics; 

(12) Normal musketry school; 

(13) Artillery schools— 

Artillery schools (proper); 

Practical courses at Poitiers, Chalons, and Toulon; 
Central pyrotechnical school; 

(14) Engineer schools— 

Special schools; 

Schools of field work; 

Ballon school; 

(15) Telegraphy schools— 

Electric telegraphy school; 

Optical telegraphy school; 

Light cavalry telegraphy school; 

Algerian telegraphy school; 

(16) Drawing school; 

(17) Superior war school; 

(18) Regimental schools; 

(19) Veterinary schools. 

With the staff of— 

Division generals.. 2 

Brigade generals-- 2 

Colonels. 8 

Lieutenant colonels_ 18 

Majors.. 30 

Captains_ 60 

Lieutenants_ 40 

Second lieutenants_ 20 

Total- 180 

Military surgeons .. .. 50 

Military veterinary surgeons_ 8 

Military administrative officers__ 30 

Military intendance officers__ 12 

Military telegraph officers_ 20 

Total.. 120 

Total school staff..300 


















FRANCE. 


77 


12. MILITARY JUSTICE DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —Explained by its name. 

Composition and Numbers. —The department consists of 
(1) Military tribunals, and (2) Penitentiary establishments. 

(1) Military Tribunals. 

They consist of (a) Military courts and (b) Courts of revision. 

(а) MILITARY COURTS. 

There are thirty-six permanent military courts, each com¬ 
posed of a president and six members, officers (whose rank 
varies with that of the prisoner to be tried), and the following 
permanent officers of the department: 

1 government commissioner; 

1 reporter; 

1 clerk of the court. 

Total, 3 for each court; for 36 courts, 108. 

(6) COURTS OF REVISION. 

There are three courts of revision each of five members, 
and the following permanent officers of the department: 

1 government commissioner; 

1 clerk of the court; 

Total, 2 for each court; for 3 courts, 6. 

Total military tribunals officers, 114. 

(2) Penitentiary Establishments. 

They consist of (a) Military penitentiaries, and (b) Military 
prisons. 

(a) MILITARY PENITENTIARIES. 

There are six of these, and each has a staff of— 

1 major or captain; 

1 captain or lieutenant; 

1 accountant; 

1 assistant accountant. 

Total, 4 for each; for six, 24. 

(б) MILITARY PRISONS. 

There are 42 prisons and each has a staff of— 

1 principal agent, chief; 

1 assistant (legal documents); 

Total, 2 for each; for forty-two, 84. 

Total penitentiary establishments, 108. 

Total military justice officers, 222. 


78 


FRANCE. 


18. DEPARTMENT OF REMOUNTS. 

General Duties. —To provide for a sufficient number of 
horses in peace and war. 

Composition and Numbers. —The department consists of 
(1) Supply branch, and (2) Stud branch. 

(1) Purchase and Conscription of Horses. 

There are 5 districts for general remount purposes, each 
commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel, unattached; 
and the districts are in their turn subdivided into permanent 
depots, each in charge of a major. Their personnel: 


Colonels ._. 5 

Majors...-. 20 

Veterinary surgeons, first class... 20 

Veterinary surgeons, second class... 3 

Total ... 48 

(2) Superior Administration of Stud Depots. 

Director, inspector general. 1 

Inspectors general.. 6 

Directors of depots ----- 22 

Subdirectors of depots. 22 

Total ....... 51 

Total department of remounts-- 99 

14. NATIVE AFFAIRS IN ALGERIA. 


General Duties. —The limits of civil territory in Algeria 
are extended gradually as the country becomes settled. Be¬ 
yond the civil territory, military administration is in force, 
hence the necessity of employment of military officers in con¬ 
nection with the native affairs of the colony. 

Composition and Number. —Native affairs in Algeria com¬ 
prise: (1) The Arabian offices, and (2) the headquarters of 
districts. 

(1) The Arabian Offices. 


(a) Unattached officers: 

Majors. 5 

Captains.. 70 

Total.. 75 


(b) Officers detached from their corps: a variable number 
of lieutenants and sublieutenants. 

(2) The Headquarters of Districts. 

A variable number of officers, selected from corps employed 
in Algeria. 
















GREAT BRITAIN. 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Monthly Army List. War Office, London. September, 1898. 

The Official Army List. War Office, London. July, 1898. 

Preliminary Return of the British Army. War Office, London, 1898. 

Die Heere und Flotten der Gegenwart. (Armies and N avies of the Present 
Time.) V. Zepelin. Berlin [No date]. 

The Army Book of the British Empire. Goodenough & Datton. London, 
1898. 

Regimental Establishments of the Regular Forces, etc., for 1897-1898. 
London, 1897. 


I.—TOTAL STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry..._. 136,978 

Cavalry..... 17,586 

Artillery...„. 37,635 

Other arms... 30,107 


Total.... 222,301 


II.—STRENGTH OF THE STAFF. 

Strength of the staff officers, both military and 
administrative ....... 8,341 

III.—GENERAL STAFF. 

There is in reality no such thing in Great Britain as a “gen¬ 
eral staff,” regarded as a special corps of officers, and there 
can not he, since no officer can remain over five years (in some 
cases three and six years) in a staff position. There is not 
even such a word as ‘ £ general staff ” applied in the British 
army, as the body of officers who act as agents of the generals 
in command, in caring,for and directing troops, and in the 
administration of matters intrusted to said commanders, is 
called the “staff of the army,” instead of “general staff,” as 
in other countries. But the expression “staff” has a wider 
significance. It comprises: 

Headquarters staff, i. e., the officers employed in army 
administration at the war office; 












80 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


Each battalion, or cavalry regiment, has its “staff” of adju¬ 
tant, quartermaster, and riding master, called “ staff,” because 
they do not belong to the companies or other components of 
the regiment, but directly to its headquarters; 

Officers of a militia battalion, who are maintained at its 
headquarters on duty when the men are dismissed to their 
homes, are known as its “permanent staff;” 

Indian staff corps, on the list of which are the officers serv¬ 
ing with the native regiments of the Indian army, and in 
other positions appointed by the government of India; 

All general officers or colonels in command of districts, etc., 
are gazetted to the staff of the army, and their pay is shown 
under that head in army estimates. 

The word “staff” is made use of in the title “medical 
staff,” conferred on the “corps” of medical officers. 

In spite of minor differences, the idea of the “ staff” in the 
sense of agents ministering to a higher power, is prevalent 
throughout all these uses of the word. 

1. General Duties. —Supervision and control, under the 
general or other commanding officer, of all army services. 
There being no chief of the general staff, and no central office 
included under the above title, “ staff of the army,” the Brit¬ 
ish general staff duties are confined to field duties, and, as in 
other countries, are intrusted to the general staff with the 
troops. They are classified under the following heads: 

(a) Discipline and training. 

( b ) Equipment (in its general sense), supply, transport, 
movement, quartering, and hire of land. 

(c) Engineer services. 

2. Composition, Division, and Humber. —Besides the 
general staff proper, in the British “staff of the armies,” 
there are included: 

(а) Commanding generals, whose duties to the sovereign, 
or to state secretary of war, are analogous with duties of 
general staffs. 

(б) Personal staff, aids-de-camp, and military secretaries, 
with duties indicated by the title. 

(c) Military attaches at foreign courts, with duties indi¬ 
cated by the title. 

( d) Detailed to educational institutions, with duties indi¬ 
cated by the title. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


81 


The source of supply of staff officers is, generally speaking, 
the Staff College. But officers of proved ability in staff 
duties in the field are from time to time placed on a special 
list as eligible for staff duty, and further, officers of the army 
service corps, who are not staff college graduates, are in many 
instances appointed to the staff, with a view to their employ¬ 
ment in the above-mentioned ( b ) group of duties. 

The British General Staff consists of: 

(а) Officers holding staff appointments at home or in the 
colonies, detailed to educational institutions. 

(б) Officers holding staff appointments in India. 

(c) Military attaches at foreign courts. 

(a) HOME AND COLONIES. 

Generals, governors, and commanders in chief, and commanding the 

forces in Gibraltar, Malta, and Dublin____ 3 

Lieutenant generals, commanding troops in home districts and South 

Africa, Bermuda and Canada .... 7 

Lieutenant governors of Jersey and Guernsey_ 2 

Major generals, commanding troops in home districts (or brigades), 

and China and Egypt___ 24 

Brigadier generals, commanding troops in Barbadoes, Natal, Ceylon, 

Jamaica, and garrison at Alexandria___ 6 

Military secretary to governor and commander in chief of Cape of 

Good Hope.. 1 

Assistant military secretaries to governor and commander in chief of 
Gibraltar, and G. O. C., the forces in Ireland and Dominion of Can¬ 
ada _ 3 

Assistant military secretaries and aid-de-camps (combined), to gov¬ 
ernor and commander in chief of Bermuda, and to G. O. C. of 

South Africa......... 2 

Aids-de camp.. 69 

Colonels....- 32 

Deputy adjutants general. 3 

Assistant adjutants general------ 26 

Deputy assistant adjutants general...- 68 

Brigade majors........... 22 

District inspectors of musketry.., -.-. 12 

Inspector general, remount establishment- 1 

Assistant inspectors of remount establishments-- 3 

Deputy j udge advocate---- 1 

Garrison adjutants.. 5 

Provost marshals...-. 1 

Assistant provost marshal---—.. 1 

Camp and garrison, quartermasters..... 3 

Captains- 12 

Recruiting staff officers..-.-. 12 

Total____—.-..319 


9990-6 



























82 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


For educational institutions: 

Governor and commandant royal military college.... 1 • 

Cominan dants....... 7 

Assistant commandants...... 3 

Director of artillery college-- ---- 1 

Chief instructors........ 9 

Professors and instructors_ 71 

Assistant instructors_ 14 

Inspector of signaling_____ 1 

Assistant inspector of signaling....... 1 

Inspector of gymnastics...... 1 

Assistant inspector of gymnastics...... 1 

Total_ 110 

Total, Home and Colonies.....429 

(6) INDIA. 

General, commander in chief of the East Indies... 1 

Lieutenant generals at Madras, Punjab, and Bengal__ 3 

Major generals, first-class district commanders in Madras, Punjab, 

Bengal, and Bombay- 10 

Brigadier generals, second-class district commanders.... 20 

Inspector general of artillery in India...... 1 

Inspector general of cavalry....... 1 

Military secretaries to viceroy of India and to governors of Bombay 

and Madras__ 3 

Assistant military secretaries and aids-de-camp to lieutenant generals 

of Bengal and Madras__ 2 

Persian interpreter- — 

Aids-de-camp__ 26 

Colonels on the staff commanding stations___ 10 

Colonels on the staff of royal artillery___ 4 

Adj utant general.. 1 

Deputy ad j utants general..... 5 

Assistant adjutants general....... 29 

Temporary assistant adjutant general___ 1 

Assistant adjutant general for musketry___ 1 

Deputy assistant adjutants general____ 38 

Deputy assistant adjutants general for instruction__ 6 

Deputy assistant adjutants general for musketry.. 14 

Station staff officers, first class..... 8 

Quartermaster general.. 1 

Deputy quartermaster general.... . 

Assistant quartermaster generals_____ 5 

Deputy assistant quartermaster generals____ 7 

Staff captains and lieutenants in the intelligence bureau and quarter¬ 
master general’s department_ 4 

Brigade major....... 1 

Judge-advocate general in India____ 1 

Deputy judge-advocates general_ 4 

Assistant j udge -advocates general... __ 6 

Director of military education in India..... 1 

Inspectors of gymnasium. .._.... 2 

Inspectors of army signaling_____ 2 

Total, India..___ 218 

















































GREAT BRITAIN. 


83 


(c) MILITARY ATTACHES AT FOREIGN COURTS. 

Officers ranking from major to colonel at Teheran, Vienna, Constan¬ 
tinople, Tokio, and St. Petersburg.. 9 

Grand total........ 656 

IV.—OTHER STAFFS. 

(1) Imperial household staff ....... 92 

(2) War office staff____ 105 

(3) Manufacturing establishments’ staff.. 31 

(4) Committees and miscellaneous establishments’ staffs_ 153 

(5) Army corps, divisional brigades’ staff, members included in 

other staffs.... 571 

(7) Battalion staffs..... 670 

(8) Adjutants of yeomany and volunteers ..... 493 

(9) Officers attached to the Egyptian army ___ 144 

(10) Officers in colonial military employment-____ 185 

(11) Officers in civil employment..__.- 113 

(12) Indian staff corps.... 2,465 

(13) Staff for engineer services..... 69 

(14) The army service corps staff___ 274 

(15) Paymasters’staff....—... 229 

(16) Army ordnance staff..-.. 215 

(17) Military police corps staff.. 2 

(18) Army chaplains’staff. 85 

(19) Army medical staff and the medical staff corps—. 1,580 

(20) Army nursing staff.... 73 

(21) Army veterinary department staff...... 136 


Total other staffs...-...7,685 

(1) IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD. 

1. General Duties. —Indicated by title. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief personal aid-de-camp to the Queen- 1 

Personal aids-de-camp to the Queen.. 3 

Aids-de-camp to the Queen.-. 49 

Equerries to the Queen...-.. 14 

Honorary physicians to the Queen--- 12 

Honorary surgeons to the Queen... 11 

Honorary chaplains to the Queen -- 2 

Total...— 92 

(2) WAR OFFICE STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— Administrative and not executive. 
The general commanding a military district is in everything 
the executive chief of that district, and the war office reviews 
his work after it is performed, the system not being one of 
centralization. 


































84 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


2. Composition and Numbers, Division and Duties.— 
The war office consists of (a) Central office; (6) The military 
department, with ten sections; and (c) The financial depart¬ 
ment, with four sections. 

The secretary of state for war is assisted by two under 
secretaries (parliamentary and permanent) of state, one 
assistant under secretary of state, and one financial secre¬ 
tary, and, together with their private and assistant private 
secretaries, their number reaches 10. 

(a) The central section is under the direction of one of the 
under secretaries, and employs 8 civil officials. 

(b) The military department has no chief, but is governed 
by a council, under the name of “army board,” with the 
commander in chief, or in case of his absence, with the adju¬ 
tant general, as chairman, the members of his council being 
adjutant general, quartermaster general, and inspector of 
fortresses and ordnance. The military department is divided 
into ten sections, as follows: 

(1) Commander in chief, intrusted with command of all 
the troops at home and abroad, home and foreign military 
intelligence, and mobilization. 


General, commander in chief. 1 

Private secretary_ 1 

Aids-de-camp .. 4 

Military secretary_ 1 

Assistant military secretaries. 2 

Division of military intelligence_ 1 

Assistant adjutant general of military intelligence - - 1 

Deputy assistant adjutants general of military 

intelligence---__ (} 

Staff captains of military intelligence__ 6 

Military attaches at foreign courts_ 

Assistant adjutant general in charge of mobilization 

services_ 1 

Staff captains. 2 

Total_ 26 


(2) The adjutant general, acting commander in chief in 
case of the latter’s absence, is intrusted with discipline and 
training of officers and men of all the troops, statistics of the 
army, recruiting and mustering out of men, and fixing the 
numerical strength of the units of troops. 














GREAT BRITAIN. 


85 


Adjutant general to the forces... 1 

Deputy adjutant general___ 1 

Assistant adjutant general__ 1 

Deputy assistant adjutants general... 2 

Inspector general of auxiliary forces and recruiting - _ 1 

Assistant adjutant general for i ecruiting... 1 

Deputy assistant adjutant general for recruiting 1 

Deputy adjutant general, royal artillery.. 1 

Assistant adjutant general, royal artillery. 1 

Deputy assistant adjutant general, royal artillery .1 

Deputy adjutant general, royal engineers.. 1 

Assistant adjutant general, royal engineers__ 1 

Total.. 13 

(3) The quartermaster general is intrusted with provisions, 
forage, heat, light, shelter, and remount of the troops; trans¬ 
port of troops, and has direction of the “ army service corps.” 

Quartermaster general to the forces... - 1 

Assistant quartermasters general-- 2 

Deputy assistant quartermasters general.. 3 

Inspector general of remounts---—- 1 

Staff paymaster. 1 

Total... 8 

(4) The inspector general of fortifications is intrusted with 
erection, inspection, and maintenance of all military build¬ 
ings, railroads, and telegraph lines. 

General.. — 1 

Aid-de-camp.. — 

Deputy inspectors general of fortress... 3 

Assistant inspectors general of fortress.. 5 

Artillery adviser.. 1 

Inspector of submarine defenses- 1 

Assistant inspector of submarine defenses.- - 1 

Inspector of iron structures. 1 

Total..—- 13 

(5) The inspector general of ordnance is intrusted with 
furnishing the army with weapons, equipment, and other 
similar supplies. 

Lieutenant general.— 1 

Deputy inspector general of ordnance- 1 

Assistant inspector general of ordnance- 1 

Deputy assistants general of ordnance.. 3 

Total.- 6 
































86 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


(6) The director general of military education is intrusted 
with direction of the military educational establishments. 


Director general.... 

Assistant director general of military education- 1 

Director of army schools...-.- 1 

Total_.. 2 


(7) The inspector general of cavalry is intrusted with the 
inspection of regular cavalry and yeomanry in Great Britain 


and Ireland. 

Maj or general-- 1 

Aid-de-camp_ 1 

Assistant adjutant general_ 1 

Total __ 3 


(8) Chaplain general: direction of the personnel of field 
chaplains. 

(9) Director general, army medical department: direction 
of the sanitary establishments. 


Surgeon, major general...... 1 

High rank surgeons____ 4 

Total..-.. 5 


(10) Director general, army veterinary department: direc¬ 
tion of the veterinary services. He is the chief of the veter¬ 
inary corps. 

(c) The financial department is under the direction of the 
financial secretary, and is divided into 4 sections: (1) Finance 
section; (2) Contracts section; (3) Clothing section, and (4) 
Ordnance factories section. The personnel of the department 
numbers (besides the financial secretary), 8 civil employees; 
total, 9. 

Grand total of war office staff, 105. 

(3) MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Direction of the establishments man¬ 
ufacturing army supplies. 












GREAT BRITAIN. 


87 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Ordnance factories, under the director general 


ordnance factories staff_ 24 

( b) Torpedo factory staff. 2 

(c) Balloon factory..... l 

( d ) Royal army clothing department.. 4 

Total.. 31 


(4) COMMITTEES AND MISCELLANEOUS ESTABLISHMENTS STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —The ultimate decision of special 
questions and direction of miscellaneous establishments. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Joint naval and military committee on defense. _ 10 

( b) Ordnance committee-. 25 

(c) Army sanitary committee. 9 

(d ) Royal engineer committee.. 20 

( e ) Dress and equipment committee. 9 

(/) Army railway council_ 12 

(g) Tower of London. 5 

( h) Hospitals.. 35 

(i) Army purchasing Commission.. 1 

O') Pay office. 2 

( k ) Judge-advocate general’s office_ 3 

(l) Military prison department at home_ 11 

(m) Military prison department in the colonies_ 11 

Total..153 


(5) ARMY CORPS, DIVISION, AND BRIGADE STAFFS. 

1. General Duties. —In the British army they exist only 
when the troops are abroad, viz, during the time of war. In 
action the staff officer’s duty is to assist his general in a 
knowledge of the situation and the ground, in order that the 
latter may be able to make his dispositions judiciously, as 
the general, especially nowadays with smokeless powder, can 
not go galloping all over the field to find out the state of 
affairs for himself. The staff conveys the general’s orders, 
collects information for him when he is not present, and com¬ 
bines the handling of all arms under one head, without fric¬ 
tion and without interference with detail. 




















88 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


2. Composition and Numbers.— (a) Staff of an army corps 
(war establishment): 

General commanding...... 1 

Aids-de-camp ....—.— 4 

Deputy adjutant general ---- 1 

Assistant adjutants general--- 4 

Deputy assistant adjutants general....- 4 

Command and headquarters__._ 1 

Provost marshal- 1 

Officer commanding royal artillery.—.. 1 

Brigade major royal artillery- 1 

Aid-de-camp royal artillery.. 1 

Chief engineer_ 1 

Brigade major, royal engineers__- _ 1 

Aid-de-camp, royal engineers. 1 

Chaplains. 2 

Medical officers______ 4 

Deputy commissary general (ordnance)__ 1 

V eterinary officers_____- 2 

Clerk in adjutant general’s office_ 1 

Interpreters... 2 

Also attached: 

Military police. 1 

Army service corps__ 2 

Post office corps.. 2 

Interpreters..1... 8 

Total. 47 

(6) Staff of an infantry division (war establishment): 

Lieutenant general__ 1 

Aids-de-camp.. 2 

Assistant adjutant general... 1 

Deputy assistant adjutants general.. 2 

Assistant provost marshal_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel, royal artillery_ 1 

Adjutant, royal artillery.. 1 

Lieutenant colonel, royal engineers _. 1 

Adjutant, royal engineers. 1 

Chaplains_ 2 

Surgeons.. 2 

Quartermaster (medical staff). 1 

Assistant commissary general of ordnance_ 1 

Veterinary lieutenant colonel.. 1 

Also attached: 

Army service corps.. 2 

Interpreters. 2 

Total... 22 











































GREAT BRITAIN. 


89 


(c) Staff of an infantry brigade (war establishment): 


Major general. 1 

Brigade major .. 1 

Aid-de-camp.. 1 

Chaplain.. 1 

Veterinary officer_ 1 

Interpreter...■. 1 

Total _ 6 


(d) The staffs of cavalry divisions and brigades differ only 
in minor details from the above staffs (as regards engineers, 
etc.). 

(6) REGIMENTAL STAFFS AND REGIMENTAL DISTRICT STAFFS. 

1. General Duties. —More administrative and disciplinary 


than tactical. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Regimental adjutants.. 117 

Regimental riding masters. 52 

Regimental quartermasters. 77 

Regimental paymasters.. 67 

Regimental surgeons-- 73 

Regimental veterinary surgeons_ 70 

Colonels commanding regimental districts- 67 

Majors, royal artillery ...- - - 4 

Captains, royal artillery. 10 

Lieutenants, royal artillery. 34 

Total .. 571 

(7) BATTALIONS’ STAFF. 


1. General Duties. —Mostly military and tactical. 

2 . Composition and Numbers. —(a) Total line battalions 


and regimental depots: 

Adjutants..—.. 150 

Quartermasters.-.. 150 

Total ....-. 300 

(b) Total guard and colonial corps: 

Adjutants. 19 

Quartermasters. 17 

Total..-.- 36 

(c) Total permanent staff of militia: 

Adjutants.. 125 

Quartermasters.—.-.. 109 

Total .234 

Total battalions’ staff. 570 






























90 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


(8) ADJUTANTS OF YEOMANRY AND VOLUNTEERS. 

1. General Duties. —To form permanent staff. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Majors------ 51 

Captains ..-....403 

Lieutenants..-. 39 

Total.... .493 


(9) OFFICERS ATTACHED TO THE EGYPTIAN ARMY. 

1. General Duties. —At the orders of Lieutenant General 
Grenfell, commanding the forces in Egypt, or of Major Gen¬ 
eral Kitchener. 

2. Composition and Numbers (including 12 specially em¬ 


ployed): 

Maj or generals. 3 

Lieutenant colonels...... _.. 14 

Majors... 28 

Captains. 65 

Lieutenants..... _ _ 32 

Second lieutenants .. 2 

Total. 144 


(10) OFFICERS IN COLONIAL MILITARY EMPLOYMENT. 

1. General Duties. —Special military duties under special 
orders. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Field or junior officers in— 


(a) Australia.. 2 

(5) Barbadoes_ 1 

(c) Bechuanaland Protectorate__ 1 

(d) British Guiana_ 7 

(e) British Honduras. 4 

(/) Canada- 7 

( g ) Cape of Good Hope_ 3 

(h) Ceylon- 2 

0‘) Cyprus. 1 

O’) Gold Coast.. 35 

(k) Grenada.. l 

(l) Jamaica_ 2 

(m) Lagos-- 86 

( n) Malay__ 3 

(o) Mauritius__ 1 

(p) New South Wales_ 3 

( q ) New Zealand _ 3 

O’) Queensland__ 3 

(s) Sierra Leone_ 15 

( t ) Straits Settlements_ 3 

(u) Victoria .. 2 

Total. 185 



































GREAT BRITAIN. 


91 


(11) OFFICERS IN CIVIL EMPLOYMENT. 

1. General Duties.—S pecial duties. 

2. Composition and Numbers.—F ield or junior officers in— 

(а) Ashanti.-.. 1 

(б) Asia Minor. 3 

(c) Bahamas .. 1 

(d) Bechnanaland Protectorate. 3 

(e) British Central Africa Protectorate.. 9 

(/) British East Africa Protectorate.. 8 

( g ) British South Africa .. 4 

(h) China... 1 

(i) Congo State. 1 

(j) Cretan Commission. 1 

(k) Egypt .. 3 

(?) Gold Coast. 1 

(m) India. 1 

(n) Lagos.. 1 

(o) Las Palmas. 1 

(p) Malay Peninsula..—-- 1 

(q) Malta. 3 

(r) Niger Coast Protectorate.. 19 

(s) Niger Company, Royal.. 2 

(t) Persia .. 2 

(u) Surawak Government. 1 

(v) Sierra Leone Protectorate. 1 

(w) Siam.---- 1 

(a?) Uganda.. 43 

(y) Zanzibar. 1 

Total .. 113 

(12) INDIAN STAFF CORPS. 

1. General Duties.—S ame duties in India as at home. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Field marshal- 1 

Generals_ 3 

Lieutenant generals- 5 

Major generals.. 18 

Colonels.. 133 

Lieutenant colonels---. 181 

Majors_ 264 

Captains. 875 

Lieutenants..-.-.. 773 

Second lieutenants-102 

Total..-.-.2,355 

Besides attached on probation: 

Captain.. 1 

Lieutenants.. 17 

Total..... 18 










































92 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


Besides Indian army departments: 

Deputy commissary, with honorary rank of 

major_ 1 

Deputy commissaries, with honorary rank 

of captain...-. 28 

Assistant commissaries, with honorary rank 

of lieutenant_ 21 

Deputy assistant commissaries, with hon¬ 
orary rank of lieutenant.. 42 

Total Indian staff corps.-- 92 

Total____2,465 


( 13 ) STAFF FOR ENGINEER SERVICES. 

1. General Duties.— Surveying at home and abroad. 

2. Composition and Numbers.— Surveyors appointed after 
competition and governed by the order of merit assigned to 


them by the civil-service commissioners: 

Chief surveyor, ranking as major... 1 

Surveyors, first class, ranking as captains- 8 

Surveyors, second class, ranking as captains..... 18 

Assistant surveyors, ranking as lieutenants- 38 

Clerks, ranking as captains.. 2 

Clerks, ranking as lieutenants.. 2 

Total...—_ 69 


( 14 ) THE ARMY SERVICE CORPS STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— The daily rationing of the army with 
all food supplies and forage; maintenance and employment of 
the miscellaneous equipment for killing and dressing meat 
and baking bread; and the transportation by wagon of regi¬ 
mental baggage and stores, and equipment of every kind. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonels. 4 

Lieutenant colonels_ 42 

Majors.. 23 

Captains.. 81 

Lieutenants .. 66 

Second lieutenants. 9 

Quartermasters. 42 

Adjutants .. 2 

Instructors.. 2 

Riding masters... 3 

Total.. 274 


( 15 ) STATION PAYMASTERS’ STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— There being no regimental (or bat¬ 
talion) paymasters, the paymasters receive from the war 



























GREAT BRITAIN. 


93 


office at the pay station, and disburse weekly to the adjutants 
of each unit of troops, and finally account for moneys receiv¬ 
able and payable for military purposes. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief paymasters, with honorary rank of colonel.... 16 
Staff paymasters, with honorary rank of lieutenant 

colonel . 42 

Staff paymasters, with honorary rank of major_ 34 

Paymasters, with honorary rank of major.. 27 

Paymasters. 85 

Total.. 204 

Paymasters on probation .. 25 

Total paymasters’ staff. 229 


( 16 ) ARMY ORDNANCE STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—To provide, receive, hold, issue, and 
account for: (a) Munitions of war required for all branches 


of the army and all military stores, and ( b ) all barracks, 
hospital, and military prison stores. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Principal ordnance officer..... 1 

Ordnance officers, first class__ 6 

Ordnance officers, second class____ 20 

Ordnance officers, third class_ 13 

Ordnance officers, fourth class____ 38 

Commissaries of ordnance.. 4 

Deputy commissaries of ordnance.. 22 

Assistant commissaries of ordnance_ 36 

Inspectors of ordnance machinery, first class_ 

Inspectors of ordnance machinery, second class_ 18 

Inspectors of ordnance machinery, third class_ 4 

Field officer commanding army ordnance corps_ 1 

Adjutant_ 1 

Chief inspector of small arms__ 1 

Chief inspector of royal arsenal__ 1 

Chief inspector of general stores. 1 

Chief inspector of position finding- 1 

Inspectors - 14 

Assistant inspectors... 25 

Attached officers. 2 

Attached retired officers..—... 3 

Superintending engineer_ 1 

Assistant superintending engineer_ 1 

Committee for valuation and inspection of military 
equipment of India........ 1 

Total. 215 


































94 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


(17) MILITARY MOUNTED POLICE CORPS STAFF. 

1. General Duties. — (1) In peace—the police duties in 
large garrisons and camps, thus obviating the withdrawal of 
effective soldiers from their legitimate duties; and.(2) in war— 
(a) preserving good order and prevention of pillage or oppres¬ 
sion, ( b ) attending the stragglers and followers, and (c) taking 
care that the medical service of wounded is not interrupted. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Quartermasters: 

Provost marshal_ 1 

Assistant provost marshal_ 1 

Total_ 2 


(18) ARMY CHAPLAINS’ STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —In addition to the usual Sunday¬ 
morning parade services, other weekly or daily services in the 
garrison church; the visits to (a) the hospitals, ( b ) the married 
quarters, (c) schools, etc. In fact, taking an interest in every¬ 
thing that can benefit the soldier from a moral and spiritual 
point of view. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Chaplains, not less than 
27 and not more than 35 years of age, of Church of England, 
Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, etc., denominations, after hav¬ 
ing served one year on probation and received a military 


commission. 

Chaplain general, ranking as major general. 1 

Chaplains, first class, ranking as colonels_ 23 

Chaplains, second class, ranking as lieutenant colonels 9 

Chaplains, third class, ranking as majors. .. 18 

Chaplains, fourth class, ranking as captains_ 34 

Total.... 85 


(19) THE ARMY MEDICAL STAFF AND THE MEDICAL STAFF 
CORPS. 

1. General Duties. — (1) The general treatment of the sick 
officers, men, women, and children; (2) regulation of the sani¬ 
tary surroundings of the soldiers, the prevention, as well as 
the treatment of disease; (3) examination and passing of 
recruits; (4) invaliding of men who are medically unfit for 
further service, and (5) management and control of all 
hospitals. 










GREAT BRITAIN. 


95 


2. Composition and Number: 

(a) Army medical staff— 

Surgeons general... 11 

(b) Royal army medical corps— 

Colonels .. 25 

Lieutenant colonels .. 103 

Majors.. 375 

Captains.. 226 

Lieutenants .. 79 

Quartermasters .. 35 


Total.... 843 

(c) Military medical staff corps— 

Surgeon lieutenant colonel .. 1 

Surgeon major_____ 

Surgeon captains.. 7 

Surgeon lieutenants. 6 

Quartermaster_ 1 


Total..... 14 

(d) Volunteer medical staff corps— 

Surgeon general, honorary commandant- 1 

Surgeon lieutenant colonel... 1 

Surgeon major_ 1 

Surgeon captains, in command of the com¬ 
panies of volunteer medical staff corps, 
attached to the company of the royal 

army medical corps_ 9 

Company officers, surgeon captains_ 20 

Company officers, surgeon lieutenants .. 9 

Adjutant.. 1 

Quartermasters. 12 

Acting chaplains.. 6 


Total.. 60 

(e) Indian medical service staff— 

Surgeon major generals__ 2 

Colonels--- 17 

Lieutenant colonels.. 153 

Majors_ 152 

Captains ..—...229 

Lieutenants.. 49 


Total---- 602 

(/) Subordinate medical establishments’ staff 
in India— 

Senior assistant surgeons, honorary rank 

of major... 6 

Senior assistant surgeons, honorary rank 

of captain--- ... 18 

Senior assistant surgeons, honorary rank 
of lieutenant. 26 


Total.—... 50 


Total medical staff.. 1,580 










































96 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


(20) ARMY NURSING SERVICE STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— Nursing sick and wounded. 

2. Composition and Numbers.—T rained nurses not under 
25 and not over 35 years of age are appointed on the staff, to 
he retired not later than on reaching the 60 years limit of age. 

Lady superintendent_ 1 

Superintendents__ 16 

Nursing sisters. 56 

Total___ 73 

(21) ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— Care and inspection of horses or 
other animals employed, stables, camps, forage, infirmary 
stables, pharmacies, and forges. 

2. Composition and Numbers.— A director general, 8 ad¬ 
ministrative veterinary officers with the rank of lieutenant 
colonel, and the balance executive veterinary officers: 


Veterinary colonel, director general_ 1 

Veterinary lieutenant colonels_ 8 

Veterinary majors_ 23 

Veterinary captains_ 41 

Veterinary lieutenants.. 63 


Total 


136 












GREECE. 


I. —STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 

The strength of the army on a peace footing was fixed in 
1887 at 24,076 men, comprising 16,136 infantry, 4,877 cavalry, 
and 3,063 artillerymen and engineers. On the war footing 
the strength can be increased to 82,000 men. The territorial 
army numbers about 96,000 men. To the war office are 
attached 240 officers and noncommissioned officers, 61 officers, 
and 12 civilians belonging to the general staff. 

II. —GENERAL STAFF BUREAU. 

The second bureau of the war ministry is the general staff 
bureau, divided into a statistical and topographical section, 
and an organization and mobilization section. 

III.—GENERAL STAFF. 

The general staff corps was discontinued in 1880, but the 
officers then belonging to the same still form a separate body 
of officers. The general staff service is limited to the head¬ 
quarters of military districts and fortified places. Officers 
are detailed for these duties from the army at large, and no 
special qualifications seem to be required. 


(97) 

9990-7 




























HOLLAND 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 

von Lobells Jahresberichte liber die Yeranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Von Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

Neerlands Leger. (The Army of the Netherlands.) Official, ’s Graven- 
hage, 1896. 

Handbook of the Dutch Army. Official. London, 1896. 

Organization. (Organization.) ’s Gravenhage, 1894. 

Proeve eener Organisatie van Nederland’s Weermiddelen. (Essay on an 
Organization of the Means of Defense of the Netherlands.) Krom- 
hout. ’s Gravenhage, 1894. 

De Indische Infanterie. (The Indian Infantry.) W. A. Coblijn. ’s Gra¬ 
venhage, 1887. 

The Armed Strength of the Netherlands and their Colonies. Official. 
London, 1887. 


The land force of the Netherlands consists of the Dutch 
army and the Colonial army. 

These two armies, being entirely distinct organizations, 
must be considered separately. 

THE DUTCH ARMY. 

I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry.. 52,418 

Cavalry------ 4,193 

Artillery----.- 18,260 

Other arms----- 3,222 


Total..- 78,093 


II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total strength of staff officers, both military and 
administrative...-.-.. 493 


III.—STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— To command and direct the troops 
both in time of peace and war. 


(99) 











100 


HOLLAND. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 


(1) Great staff- 68 

(2) General staff proper. 35 

(3) Provincial staff- 12 

(4) Local staff_----- - - 36 

(5) Medical staff -- 184 

(6) Administrative staff_ 158 

Total_ 493 


(1) GREAT STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —Supreme command and duties of 


royal staff. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant general_ 1 

Major generals- 7 

Colonels_ 4 

Lieutenant colonels_ 3 

Majors-- 3 

Captains_... - 30 

Lieutenants...-.. 20 

Total___.._ 68 


(2) GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

1. General Duties. —Its duties are to execute the decisions 
of the war minister; to deal with questions of the defense of 
the country, matters of organization, distribution, mobiliza¬ 
tion, preparation for war, maneuvers, movements of troops, 
reconnaissances, changes of quarters; to give instruction to 
officers exercising command of troops, lines of defense, etc.; 
to collect archives, etc.; to prepare or procure maps; to detail 
officers abroad, etc. 

It further deals with all questions relating to infantry and 
cavalry, and to the establishments which belong to those 
branches of the service, which have been submitted by the 
inspector general to the war minister, and also all matters 
connected with military education. On these subjects it ar¬ 
ranges for carrying out the decisions of the war minister, and 
deals with questions of drill, instruction, drill regulations, 
remounts, etc. 

It also has charge of matters connected with the permanent 
military railway committee, so far as these do not affect the 
intendance sections. The following subjects also fall within 
its range of duties: Garrison duties, barrack accommodations, 

















HOLLAND. 


101 


drill grounds, assistance of civil power by military, exercise 


of militia, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant general, as chief of general staff.__ 1 

Colonels_ 3 

Lieutenant colonels_ 5 

Majors. 6 

Captains.. 20 

Total.. 35 


3. Chief of Staff and Duties.— The chief of staff is the 
principal staff officer of the army, and as such directs and 
controls the duties of the various branches of the staff. The 
personnel of the general staff is all under his orders, and he 
regulates the appointment and training of the officers of the 
staff. He arranges the organization of the staff of the field 
army, and informs the officers of the general staff of the 
duties they will have to assume on mobilization. He regu¬ 
lates the movements of troops, changes of garrison, etc. He 
collects statistical information affecting the organization of 
the Dutch army and that of the armies of the neighboring 
states. He sends in to the war minister projects for improv¬ 
ing the organization of the army, for rendering mobilization 
more rapid, and for increasing the defensive power of the 
country, etc. 

In time of war he becomes chief of the headquarters’ staff. 

The chief of the general staff has the rank of lieutenant 
general. 

4. Division and Duties : 

(a) FIRST DEPARTMENT. 

Office of the chief of the general staff: 


Field officer (in charge).. 1 

Captain of general staff-- 1 

Captain of infantry---- 1 

Government clerk.... 1 

Total__-. 4 


(6) SECOND DEPARTMENT. 


Intelligence department: 

Field officer (in charge).... 1 

Captain of general staff----- 1 

Clerks---1. 

Total-...-.- 2 

















102 


HOLLAND. 


(C) TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT. 

In charge of a captain of the general staff, with variable 
number of assistants. 

( d ) PERMANENT MILITARY RAILROAD COMMISSION. 


President, chief of general staff.... 

Civil members (railroad engineers)_ 

Colonels of the general staff_ 1 

Major of artillery---_-1 

Quartermaster. 1 

Total_ 3 

( e) GENERAL STAFF DEPARTMENT IN THE WAR MINISTRY. 

Field officer of general staff__ 1 

(/) DEPARTMENT COMMANDERS. 

Field officer or captain at the head of two positions... 1 

Commanders’ staff officers_ 2 

Total_ 3 

( g) DIVISIONAL AND INSPECTION DEPARTMENT. 


Each of the three infantry divisions and the cavalry inspec¬ 
tion staffs has a field officer of the general staff, who acts as a 
chief of staff; total, 4. 

(3) PROVINCIAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —National militia. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant colonels.. 4 

Majors_ 8 

Total__ 12 


(4) LOCAL STAFFS. 

1. General Duties. —Garrison towns. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonel. l 

Lieutenant colonels__ 3 

Majors.. 3 

Captains .. 12 

First lieutenants__ 8 

Second lieutenants_ 9 

Total.. 36 





















HOLLAND. 


103 


(5) MILITARY ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—T o provide troops with all neces¬ 


saries. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Major general_____•. 1 

Colonels __ 2 

Lieutenant colonels_ 4 

Majors. 7 

Captains-. 59 

First lieutenants.. 54 

Second lieutenants.. 31 


Total . 


158 


3. Division and Duties: 

(a) Intendants ’ section , with duties similar to those per¬ 
formed in the English army by officers of the commissary staff. 

(b) Quartermasters ’ section , with duties according to name. 

(c) Directors and magazine masters of the central depots of 
clothing , equipment , etc ., section , with duties according to 
name. 

Note. —Magazine master’s duties are similar to those per¬ 
formed in the English army by an officer of the ordnance-store 
corps. 

(d) Administrators of clothing section , with duties accord¬ 
ing to name. 

(6) THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

1. General Duties.— According to name. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —It consists of surgeons, 
veterinary surgeons, and pharmacists, all ranking as officers. 


Major general. 1 

Colonels .. 3 

Lieutenant colonels_ 8 

Majors. 14 

Captains.. 78 

First lieutenants. 80 


Total 


184 


THE COLONIAL ARMY. 

I.-STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry---.. 26,943 

Cavalry.—.. 855 

Artillery. 3,224 

Other arms..-. 

Total .. 34,631 























104 


HOLLAND. 


II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total strength of staff officers, military and admin¬ 
istrative ... 504 


III.—COLONIAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —To command and direct the colonial 
troops in time of peace, preparing them for the defense of the 
colonies, and to execute all the military operations in time of 


war. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

(1) The staff of the governor general_ 6 

(2) The staff of the commander of the army- 55 

(3) General staff- 35 

(4) Provincial and garrison staffs.. 31 

(5) Infantry staff-- 6 

(6) The cavalry staff.. 5 

(7) The artillery staff.. 2 

(8) The engineers’ staff_ 2 

(9) The service of military administration_ 121 

(10) The medical department.. 234 

(11) The corps of civilian officials.. 1 

(12) The military school.. 6 

(13) The student corps_ 1 

Total_ 504 


(1) GOVERNOR GENERAL’S STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —The governor general holds, with 
regard to the colonial army, the same position as is held by 
the Queen with reference to the home army. His staff, there¬ 
fore, takes charge of appointment, promotion, and discharge 
of officers and men, and issues orders and warrants. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Captains.. 2 

First lieutenant- 1 

Extra adjutants_ 2 

Total__ 6 


(2) ARMY COMMANDER’S STAFF. 

1. General Duties. —The commander of the army holds, 
with regard to the colonial army, the same position as is held 
by the war minister with reference to the home army. This 
staff, therefore, takes charge of confidential matters, person¬ 
nel, material, and supplies of the troops, and organization 
and movement of troops. 






















HOLLAND. 


105 


2. Composition, Division, Duties, and Number: 

(a) FIRST SECTION. 

1. General Duties. —Confidential matters. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Chief, captain of infantry __ 1 

Lieutenant____ 1 

Total.. T ... 2 


( b ) SECOND SECTION. 

1. General Duties. —Personnel, military affairs gener¬ 
ally ; matters relating to infantry and cavalry; appointment, 
promotion, discharge, and recruiting; military education, 
pensions, nominal roll books, and rewards. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Chief senior major general.. 1 

Lieutenant colonel.. 1 

Captains. 4 

Lieutenants. 6 

Total.. 12 


(c) THIRD SECTION. 

1. General Duties. —Technical matters relating to artil¬ 
lery, armament of all ranks and arms, and of defensive works. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief, colonel commanding the artillery. 1 

Captain....- -. 1 

Lieutenants-- 4 

Magazine master.. 1 

Total ..-. 7 


( d ) FOURTH SECTION. 

1. General Duties. —Military buildings, defensive works, 
barracks with their water and light supplies, magazines, finan¬ 
cial part of military works, contracts for works, etc. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief, colonel commanding the engineers .. 1 

Lieutenant colonel ..—- 1 

Captains....—. 2 

Lieutenants..-. 3 

Magazine masters.... 2 

Total..... 9 





















106 


HOLLAND. 


(e) FIFTH SECTION. 

1. General Duties. —All matters connected with pay, 
supply of food and clothing, transport, and accounts. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief (the chief intendant)- 1 

Lieutenant colonel- 1 

Major- 1 

Captains.-- 3 

Lieutenants_ 9 

Total__ 15 

(/) SIXTH SECTION. 


1. General Duties. —All matters connected with sanitary 
care of troops and distribution of medical personnel. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief (head of the medical department). 1 

Lieutenant colonel-- 1 

Major__ 1 

Captain- 1 

Total_ 4 

( g) SEVENTH SECTION. 


1. General Duties. —Organization of expeditions, reports, 
reconnoissances, political reports, journals of operations, 
accounts of campaigns, movements of troops, defensive 


measures, military geography, and statistics. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief (the chief of the general staff)_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel____ 1 

Major___ 1 

Captains_ 3 

Total_____ 6 

Grand total of the army commander’s staff. 55 


(3) GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

1. General Duties. —Organization of the forces and mil¬ 
itary expeditions; political and military intelligence and his¬ 
tory; movements of troops; defensive schemes, surveys, 
statistics, etc. 

2. Composition and Numbers.— It is composed of officers 
appointed by the governor general, and selected from those 
having passed the staff college course in Holland, and having 



















HOLLAND. 


107 


been attached for instruction to other branches of the service 
than their own. 

It consists of the chief of the general staff and about 35 
officers of the general staff. 

3. The Chief of General Staff and Duties. —Has com¬ 
mand of the personnel, and is charged with the direction of 
the whole service of the general staff. 

He superintends matters relating to the defense of Java and 
other possessions, making suggestions and submitting plans 
to the commander of the army. 

He gathers statistics of military importance on geography, 
orography, hydrography, topography, population, etc., in the 
Indian archipelago, and also information relative to the mil¬ 
itary organization of China and Japan. He designs and 
prepares expeditions to the archipelago, and regulates the dis¬ 
tribution of troops. 

He presents plans to the commander of the army concerning 
changes he may deem necessary to insure better cooperation 
of the various arms, etc., and the preparedness of the army. 
He has directly under him the chief of the topographical 
service. He superintends the scientific training, etc., of the 
staff. 

He proposes the sending abroad of one or more of the officers 
under him to gather military information. 

He plans staff and practice journeys in Java, and sends offi¬ 
cers to participate in scientific expeditions in the archipelago. 

4. Division and Duties.—( a) Office of the chief of gen¬ 
eral staff, comprising Section VII of the army commander’s 
staff. 

(6) Topographical service , comprising five survey brigades, 
and consisting of— 


Majors. ...-. 2 

Captains (chiefs of survey brigades)..- 6 

Lieutenants .... 9 

Total..... 17 


(c) General staff with troops. —The staffs of the three mili¬ 
tary districts of Java, of the west coast of Sumatra command, 
and of the Atchin command have each a captain of general 
staff as a chief of staff. 






108 


HOLLAND. 


(4) PROVINCIAL AND GARRISON STAFFS. 

Java is divided into three military districts, and the terri¬ 
tory outside of Java into five military commands; and their 
staffs are as follows: 

FIRST DISTRICT. 

(a) District staff: 

Colonel commanding tlie district .. 1 

Lieutenant, adjutant.. .. 1 

( b ) General staff: 

Captain, chief of the staff_ — 

(c) Garrison staff: 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Lieutenants.. 2 

Total.. 5 

SECOND DISTRICT. 

(a) District staff: 

Major general commanding district ... 1 

Lieutenants. 2 

(b ) General staff: 

Captain, chief of the staff_ — 

(c) Garrison staff: 

Colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel.. 1 

Lieutenants_ 2 

Total_ 7 

THIRD DISTRICT. 

(a) District staff: 

Colonel commanding the district. 1 

Lieutenant_ 1 

(5) General staff: 

Captain, chief of the staff. — 

(c) Garrison staff: 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant_ 1 

Total .. 4 

FIRST COMMAND. 

(a) District staff: 

Colonel in command.. 1 

Lieutenant__ 1 

(b) General staff: 

Captain, chief of the staff_ — 

(c) Garrison staff: 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant. 1 

Total.. 4 



























HOLLAND. 


109 


SECOND COMMAND. 


(a) District staff: 

Colonel in command. 1 

Lieutenants. 2 

( b ) General staff: 

Captain, chief of the staff__ 1 

(c) Garrison staff: 

Lieutenant colonel. 1 

Lieutenant__ 1 


Total..... 6 


THIRD COMMAND. 

District staff: 

Lieutenant colonel commanding ... 1 

Lieutenant, adjutant. 1 

Total_ 2 


FOURTH COMMAND. 

District staff: 

Lieutenant colonel commanding. 1 

Lieutenant, adjutant.. 1 

Total . 2 


FIFTH COMMAND. 

District staff: 

Major in command .. 1 

Lieutenant, adjutant. 1 

Total__ 2 


(5) INFANTRY STAFF. 


Major general-- 1 

Lieutenant, aid-de-camp_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel, chief of staff_ 1 

Captain__-- 1 

Lieutenants...--- 2 

Total..-- 6 

(6) CAVALRY STAFF. 

Field officer in command... 1 

Officers- 4 


Total ..... 5 


(?) ARTILLERY STAFF. 

Field officer... 

Lieutenant... 


1 

1 


Total 


2 


































no 


HOLLAND. 


(8) engineer’s STAFF. 


Field officer_.... 1 

Lieutenant. - ....- 1 


Total..—-.. 2 

(9) SERVICE OF MILITARY ADMINISTRATION. 

It is composed of a chief intendant—a colonel—and 120 
officers and acting officers, under the names of military 
intendants, quartermasters, and storekeepers. 

Note. —Intendants are selected by preference from those 
officers who have passed the staff-college course. 

(10) MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

The chief of the military medical service is also a chief of 
the civilian medical service, and, in that capacity, is in charge 
of vaccination and vaccina establishment at Wettevreden. 

He is assisted by six medical committees and a number of 
“directing” officers. 

The present strength of the department is about 234. 

(11) THE CORPS OF CIVILIAN OFFICIALS. 

This consists of 38 civilian clerks employed in the war 
department. 

(12) THE MILITARY SCHOOL AT MEESTER COMELIS. 

For the education of noncommissioned candidates for 
appointment as officers of infantry and of the administrative 


service. 

Captain, director_ 1 

Lieutenants, instructors __ 4 

Quartermaster_ 1 

Total__ 6 


(13) THE STUDENT CORPS. 

For the education of boys born in the colonies, of from 8 
to 15 years of age, and physically fit for the military service 
later on (about their 19th year). 

A captain of infantry is commandant of the school. 









ITALY. 


AUTHORITIES. 

Eugen Schuler. Italiens Welirkraft. (Armed Strength of Italy.) Wien, 
1889. 

Regolamento pei collegi militari. (Regulations for Military Colleges.) 
Roma, 1889. , 

Regolamento per la scuola d’applicazione d’artiglieria e genio. (Regula¬ 
tions for the Artillery and Engineer School of Application.) Roma, 
1891. 

Regolamento per l’ammissione ai collegi militari, alia scuola militare e 
all'accademia militare. (Regulations for Admission to the Military 
Colleges, to the Military School, and to the Military Academy.) 
Roma, 1891. 

Colonel J. R. Slade. Handbook of the Italian Army. London, 1891. 

Accademia militare. Regolamento di servizio interno. (Regulation for 
the Interior Service of the Military Academy.) Torino, 1892. 

Scuola militare. Regolamento di servizio interno. (Military School. Regu¬ 
lations for the Interior Service.) Modena, 1893. 

Regolamento per la scuola di guerra. (Regulations for the War School.) 
Roma, 1894. 

J. Lauth. L’etat militaire des principales puissances etrangeres au prin- 
temps de 1894. (The Military State of the Principal Foreign Powers 
in the Spring of 1894.) Paris, 1894. 

Regolamento per la scuola d’applicazione di sanita militare. (Regulations 
for the Medical School of Application.) Roma, 1896. 

J. Scott Keltie and I. P. A. Renwick. The Statesman’s Yearbook for the 
year 1898. London, 1898. 

Annuario militare del regno dltalia. Anno 1898. (Military Register of the 
Kingdom of Italy.) Roma, 1898. 


I.—STRENGTH OF PERMANENT ARMY. 


Officers. . 14,415 

Infantry_ 122,339 

Cavalry....... 23, 507 

Artillery--- 30,801 

Carabineers...--- 23,507 

Other arms...-. 16,191 


Total...... 230,760 


II —STRENGTH OF THE STAFFS. 

Total strength of the staffs--7,688 


(111) 













112 


ITALY. 


III.— THE GENERAL STAFF CORPS. 

1. Division and Duties. —The general staff corps consists 
of the general staff corps command, of the general staff corps 
officers, of attached officers, and of the geographical institute. 
The general staff corps bureaus are called the command of 
the general staff corps, and are subdivided as follows: 

(а) The central bureau, under personal supervision and 
direction of the chief of the staff. 

(б) The first section, consisting of four subdivisions, with 
following charges: 

First subdivision: Operative business; 

Second subdivision: Land description; 

Third subdivision: Information concerning foreign armies; 

Fourth subdivision: Administrative affairs of the general 
staff corps and of the army in general. 

(c) The second section, consisting of following bureaus: 

Bureau A: In charge of general intendance business. This 
bureau becomes in war the general intendance of the army; 

Bureau B: In charge of military transportation; 

Bureau C: In charge of historical labors, as well as archives 
and libraries. 

The first section is, besides, intrusted with planning and 
preparing maneuvers. The second section has two dependen¬ 
cies, viz, the commission of communications, which in time 
of war becomes the high central command for railway and 
telegraph service, and the railway subdivision, with practical 
courses on railway service, which every general staff officer 
is required to undergo. 

2. The Chief of the General Staff Corps. —The chief 
of the general staff corps in time of peace directs, under de¬ 
pendency of the war minister, all studies relating to prepara¬ 
tions for war, and in time of war exerts chief command over 
the staff of army in the field. He has a command over the 
general staff corps and regulates appointments and promo¬ 
tions in that body; he takes part in military commissions 
convoked for solving special military problems, and,, finally, 
he is required to prepare plans for war formation and mobili¬ 
zation, and to give his opinion on proposed fortifications. 

The following military institutions are dependent of the 
chief of the general staff corps: 

The military geographical institute, with respect to its 
military, technical, and accountant personnel; 


ITALY. 


113 


The war school, with respect to plans of instruction; and, 
finally, 

The railway troop companies, with respect to their technical 
service. 

3. The Subchief of the General Staff Corps. —The 
subchief of the general staff corps assists the chief in his 
duties. 

4. Appointment to the General Staff. —In time of 
peace, officers of the general staff are being recruited from 
graduates of the war school. Candidates for the general staff 
are, after their graduation from the war school, assigned 
to a command over a company, a squadron, or a battery, 
and, after having served one year in this capacity, are 
attached to general staff bureaus for three to five months on 
probation. If the candidate attached on probation shows 
ability, he is appointed permanently to the general staff. In 
time of war, any officer of extraordinary merits may be 
assigned to the general staff corps. 

5. Attached Members of Other Arms and Corps.— 
Besides the regular members, and members attached on pro¬ 
bation, there are attached to the general staff officers of 
infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering, etc., and are assist¬ 
ing the full members of the staff, without prospect of becom¬ 


ing regular members of that body. 

6. Composition and Numbers: 

Regular members: 

Generals -...-. 4 

Colonels- 25 

Lieutenant colonels.. 34 

Majors_ 18 

Captains----- 45 

Total....126 

Attached members on probation: 

Captains----- 99 

Members of other arms attached (officers of spe¬ 
cial corps excluded): 

Colonel. 1 

Lieutenant colonels- 2 

Majors-- --- 2 

Captains- 16 

Lieutenants- 47 

Sublieutenants- 3 

Total ..—.. 71 


9990-8 


Total membership of the general staff— 296 
















114 


ITALY. 


Besides, there are 60 members of special corps attached to 
the general staff corps, viz: 

3 engineering officers; 

3 commissaries; 

54 accountant officers. 

Their number is counted with their several special corps. 

7. Distribution: 

The command of the general staff corps— 

29 regular officers of the general staff corps; 

28 officers attached on probation or otherwise. 

War ministry— 

8 officers of the general staff corps. 

Army corps— 

24 regular officers of the general staff; 

25 attached officers. 

Territorial division commands— 

44 regular officers of the general staff; 

57 attached officers. 

War school— 

9 officers of the general staff. 

Military geographical institute— 

5 regular officers of the general staff; 

60 officers attached. 

Military attaches— 

6 regular officers of the general staff. 

Military household— 

1 regular officer of the general staff. 

IY.—OTHER MILITARY STAFFS. 

(1) Military households of the King and of mem¬ 

bers of royal family ... 25 

(2) The war ministry_____502 

(3) Military inspectors. .... 26 

(4) Military justice staff_ 91 

(5) Staffs of military territorial commands_ 522 

(6) Staffs of the army in the field_ 573 

(7) Technical staffs.... 1,633 

(8) Sanitary staffs.. 691 

(9) Veterinary staff_____ 189 

(10) Administrative and economic staffs_ 1,352 

(11) Staffs of educational establishments_ 255 

(12) Staff of the military geographical institute.-- 120 

(13) Permanent commands of railway stations_ 24 

(14) Staffs of officials_ 1,389 

Total other military staffs__ 7,392 















ITALY. 


115 


(1) MILITARY HOUSEHOLDS OF THE KING AND OF MEMBERS 

OF ROYAL FAMILY. 

(rt) THE ROYAL MILITARY HOUSEHOLD. 

1. Duties. —Personal military service at the person of the 
King. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Aids-de-camp, generals____ 5 

Aid-de-camp, lieutenant colonel. ____ 1 

Aids-de-camp, majors..... 3 

Aids-de-camp, captains ...... 2 


Total______ 11 


Besides 2 members of special corps, viz: 

1 major of the general staff corps; 

1 major of engineer corps. 

Note. —There is a certain number of honorary aids-de-camp. 

( b ) THE MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE PRINCE HEIR APPARENT. 

1 . Duties. —Military service at the person of heir apparent. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Aids-de-camp: 

Lieutenant colonel. 1 

Major_ 1 

Ordnance officers: 

Captains__ 2 


Total...— 4 


(c) THE MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE DUKE OF AOSTA. 

1. Duties. —Military service at the person of the Duke of 
Aosta. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Aid-de-camp, colonel...—.- 1 

Ordnance officers, captains.... 2 

Total.-.... 3 


( d ) THE MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE COUNT OF TORINO. 

1. Duties. —Military service at the person of the Count of 
Torino. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Aid-de-camp, major... 1 

Ordnance officer, lieutenant... 1 

Total.....-. 2 





















116 


ITALY. 


(e) THE MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE DUKE OF GENOA. 

1. Duties. —Military service at the person of the Duke of 
Genoa. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Aid-de-camp, captain___ 1 

Ordnance officers, lieutenants.. 2 

Total..—.— 3 


(/) THE MILITARY HOUSEHOLD OF THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI. 

1. Duties. —Military service at the person of the Duke of 


Abruzzi. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Ordnance officers, lieutenants-- 2 

Total military households’ staffs- 25 


(2) THE WAR MINISTRY. 

1. Description. —The war ministry is the highest army 
command and administration. The minister of war is re¬ 
sponsible only to the King and to the national representation. 
The following offices, although in rank equal to that of the 
minister of war, are practically auxiliaries of the minister: 
The chief of the general staff, the first aid-de-camp of the 
King, the corps commandants, the inspectors general of cav¬ 
alry, artillery, and engineers, and the president of the su¬ 
preme military court for army and navy. As the range of 
duties of the minister of war is very wide, and comprises 
centralization of all military services, as well as affairs re¬ 
lating to administrative and operative business, the last of 
which forms in other countries a part of duties of the chief 
of the general staff, the minister would in certain cases be 
overburdened by his duties, and to relieve him there was cre¬ 
ated an office of the subsecretary of state. The subsecretary 
of state is acting minister in case of the minister’s absence, 
and in other cases he acts as an agent in directing the minis¬ 
ter’s orders to chiefs of ministry sections, and receiving from 
them all reports, except those on matters which the minister 
has by special orders reserved for himself. 

2. Constitution of the Ministry of War. —The min¬ 
istry of war, aside of its auxiliaries, consists of the general 
secretariat and of five general directions. 







ITALY. 


117 


The general secretariat is subdivided as follows: 

(a) The presidential bureau—minister’s own cabinet; 

(b) The first general staff subdivision, comprising four sec¬ 
tions charged with equipment, instruction, dislocation, organ¬ 
ization, mobilization, regulations, and sanitary affairs; 

(c) The second subdivision, with two sections in charge of 
war archives, library, and pension affairs; 

(d) The third subdivision, in charge of military schools 
and military instruction. 

The five general directions have the following charges: 

First direction: Infantry and cavalry; 

Second direction: Artillery; 

Third direction: Engineering; 

Fourtli direction: economic and administrative service. 


3. Composition and Numbers: 

Military officers— 

Generals... 

Colonels.. 

Lieutenant colonels_ 

Majors..... 

Captains__ 

Lieutenants... 

Sublieutenant. 

Civilians— 

Directors and section chiefs . 

Secretaries... 

Vice-secretaries. 

Archivists___ 

Officials.. 


5 

5 

3 

3 

22 

3 

1 

62 

84 

55 

63 

196 


Total.......502 

Besides 96 members of special corps and staffs, viz: 

8 general staff corps officers (1 colonel, 2 lieutenant 
colonels, 5 captains); 

11 engineering officers (1 colonel, 2 lieutenant colonels, 

1 major, 6 captains, 1 lieutenant); 

2 physicians (1 captain, 1 lieutenant); 

60 accountant officers (3 lieutenant colonels, 27 cap¬ 
tains, 30 lieutenants); 

3 commissaries (1 captain, 1 lieutenant); 

12 technical chiefs and accountants. 

(3) MILITARY INSPECTORS. 

1. Division and Duties. —There are the following military 
inspections in Italy: 

(a) Inspection of Alpine infantry; 















118 


ITALY. 


( b ) Inspection for cavalry; 

(c) General inspection for artillery; 

(d) Inspection for field artillery; 

(e) Inspection for coast artillery and fortifications; 
(/) Inspection for artillery establishments; 

(g) Inspection for arms and corps materiel; 

(h) General inspection for engineering; 

( i ) Inspection for engineering troops; 

( j ) Inspection for engineering constructions; 

(k) Inspection for sanitary troops. 

Duties are indicated by the name. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Generals, inspectors- 10 

Lieutenant colonels_ 3 

Majors.. . 4 

Captains- 9 

Total_ 26 


Besides 72 members of special staffs, viz: 

9 engineering officers (1 colonel, 3 majors, 4 captains, 
and 1 lieutenant); 

11 medical and pharmaceutical officers (2 generals, 3 

colonels, 4 captains, and 2 pharmacists); 

40 officials; 

12 technical accountants. 

(4) MILITARY JUSTICE STAFF. 

1. Duties. —Administration of military justice in the army 
and in instances subject to military jurisdiction. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Military judges of supreme military court_ 13 

Military advocate general_ 1 

Substitute advocates general_ 2 

Advocates, first class__•_ 4 

Advocates, second class_ 8 

Substitute advocates, first class__ 6 

Substitute advocates, second class__ 7 

Substitute advocates, third class_ 7 

Chief secretaries.. 2 

Secretaries, first class__ 6 

Secretaries, second class__ 8 

Substitute secretaries, first class_ 13 

Substitute secretaries, second class_ 10 

Attached substitute secretaries_ 3 

Clerk_ 1 

Total. 91 























ITALY. 


110 


(5) MILITARY TERRITORIAL COMMANDS. 

(a) ARMY CORPS COMMANDS. 

1. Division and Duties. —Army corps commands exercise 
authority over troops, officers, military officials, military 
schools, institutes, and establishments, as well as all military 
personnel found within the territory of their jurisdiction. 
Army corps commands are in time of peace intrusted with 
direction of army intendance and of sanitary troops, with 
supervision over attached troops of Alpine infantry, cavalry, 
artillery, and engineers, and with control over army recruiting. 

A single army corps command consists of— 

Lieutenant general, commandant; 

The general staff, composed of regular and attached officers 
of the general staff corps, viz, 1 colonel, as chief, 1 lieutenant 
colonel, major, or captain, and 1 captain attached; 

Veterinary surgeon, major; 

Three officials (clerks); 

One lieutenant, as ordnance officer. 

There are in Italy twelve army corps commands. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant generals... 11 

Ordnance and other officers (usually lieutenants)- 20 

Total.—.. 31 

Besides 89 members of other staffs: 


47 general staff corps officers (12 colonels, 1 lieutenant 
colonel, 2 majors, 7 captains, and 25 attached 
captains); 

12 veterinary surgeons (majors); 

30 clerks. 

(6) MILITARY TERRITORIAL DIVISION COMMANDS. 

1. Division and Duties. —There are twenty-five military 
territorial division commands. They are intrusted with 
supervision over active troops. 

A single territorial division command consists of— 

Lieutenant general, as chief; 

The general staff, composed of 4 members of the general 
staff corps (1 lieutenant colonel, as chief, 1 captain, and 2 
captains attached); 

1 lieutenant, as ordnance officer; and sometimes 

1 officer detailed as auxiliary (captain or lieutenant); 

2 or 3 clerks. 




120 


ITALY. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant generals.. 25 

Ordnance officers, lieutenants.. 25 

Auxiliary officers, detailed for duty, captains and 
lieutenants.-.... 18 

Total...-. 68 

Besides 169 members of special staffs, viz: 


97 members of the general staff corps (19 lieutenant 
colonels, as chiefs of division general staffs, 6 
majors, 17 captains, and 55 attached captains); 

72 officials (clerks). 

(c) THE DISTRICT COMMANDS. 

1. Division and Duties. —The district commands are 
intrusted with affairs relating to supplying the army with 
recruits, remounts, and materials. They are in charge of— 

(1) Recruiting business; 

(2) Clothing for the standing army and for reserves called 
to service; 

(3) Clothing, arming, equipping, and directing the reserve 
called for mobilization of the standing army; 

(4) Organization, clothing, and complete equipment of 
infantry and territorial militia; 

(5) Requisition for horses; 

(6) Preparation of ersatz troops for war; 

(7) Organization of reserve establishments; 

(8) Registry of all officers on leave living in the district, 
with the exception of officers of Alpine troops. 

As duties in connection with mobilization are numerous, 
and would naturally lead to confusion, troops to be mobil¬ 
ized are subdivided into three categories, and mobilization of 
the second or third category is begun twelve days after the 
commencement of mobilization of the preceding category. 

The staff of a single district command is composed of a col¬ 
onel or lieutenant colonel, as commandant, of 3 or 4 officers 
of the staff, of 3 or 4 accountant officers, of 2 or 3 officials 
(clerks), and of 1 or more local assistants. The commandant 
and officers of the staff, aside of accountant officers, clerks, and 
local assistants, are usually members of the permanent per¬ 
sonnel of the districts, which forms a closed body, and has 
its own scale of promotion. In some cases, however, officers 
of infantry, cavalry, artillery, etc., are placed on duties, both 
as commandants and as other officers of district staffs. 






ITALY. 


121 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Permanent personnel of district commands— 

Colonels .. 31 

Lieutenant colonels_ 28 

Majors . 35 

Captains__ 154 

Lieutenants. 48 

Total--:_ 291 

Officers of other arms, nonmembers of special staffs— 

Colonels_ 11 

Lieutenant colonels._.. 23 

Majors . 6 

Captains.. 14 

Lieutenant _______ 1 

Total_____ 55 

Grand total staff of district commands_346 


Besides 634 members of special staffs, viz: 

239 accountant officers (4 majors, 68 captains, and 167 
lieutenants); 

293 officials (clerks); 

99 local assistants; and 
3 local clerks. 

( d ) SPECIAL FORTRESS STAFF. 

1. Division and Duties. —There are about 17 fortresses 
and 28 forts. In fortresses command is placed in hands of 
the commandant of the garrison. Other officers of fortress 
staff, as well as commandants and officers of forts, are mem¬ 
bers of the permanent personnel of fortifications, and are 
being promoted as such. Duties comprise garrison and other 
duties in connection with fortification service. 


2. Composition and Numbers : 

Garrison commandants. 17 

Permanent personnel of fortifications— 

Colonels_ 3 

Lieutenant colonels__ 4 

Majors. 10 

Captains. 24 

Lieutenants_ 19 

Total_ 77 

Grand total territorial commands... 522 























122 


ITALY. 


(6) STAFFS OF THE ARMY IN THE FIELD. 

(a) ARMY CORPS COMMANDS. 

Described among territorial commands. 

(fr) ARMY DIVISION COMMANDS. 

Described among territorial commands as territorial divi¬ 
sion commands. 

(c) BRIGADE STAFFS. 

1. Constitution. —There are 48 infantry brigades and 9 
cavalry brigades. Commandants are major generals; the 
staff of a brigade consists of 1 captain, adjutant. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Adjutants, captains, 57. 

(d) REGIMENTAL STAFFS. 

1. Constitution.— A regimental staff consists of— 

One captain, as regimental adjutant; 

Three physicians (1 captain and. 2 lieutenants). 

2. Number, excluding members of special staffs, adjutants, 
captains, 170. 

(e) BATTALION STAFFS. 

1. Constitution. —A battalion has one junior officer as 
battalion adjutant. 

2. Number. —Adjutants, junior officers, 346. 

Total staffs of army in the field, except those included in 
territorial commands, 573. 

(7) TECHNICAL STAFFS. 

(a) ENGINEER STAFF. 

1. Division and Duties. —Engineer officers are intrusted 
with direction of and supervision over military technical 
works, such as military constructions, communications, tele¬ 
graph, military technical establishments, and other technical 
services in the army. Engineer officers are assisted in their 
services by special auxiliary staffs, viz, by geometric account¬ 
ants, technical chiefs, and directors of works called local assist¬ 
ants. With the view of a more efficient service of engineer staff 
there are established in Italy territorial engineer divisions, 
called territorial directions and subdirections of engineering. 
Each one of these directions and subdirections has a staff, con¬ 
sisting of 7 to 18 engineer officers, 5 to 10 geometric account¬ 
ants, 1 to 10 clerks, and 5 to 11 directors of works (local assist¬ 
ants). Military engineer establishments consist of engineer 


ITALY. 


123 


parks for army and army corps, of 17 telegraph parks, and of 


bridge materials. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonels-.... 30 

Lieutenant colonels. 29 

Majors__ 71 

Captains .. 191 

Lieutenants .. 250 

Sublieutenants. 48 

Total. 619 


( b) TECHNICAL ACCOUNTANTS. 

1. Division and Duties. —Technical accountants are em¬ 
ployed as auxiliaries of the engineer staff, or of artillery troops. 
Some of them are attached to district commands and various 
military establishments. They are charged with technical 


and geometric accounts. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Artillery technical accountants— 

Head accountants.. 7 

Principal accountants, first class- 17 

Principal accountants, second class.. 22 

Principal accountants, third class_ 26 

Accountants, first class- 30 

Accountants, second class-- 34 

Assistant accountants__ 27 

Total- 163 

Engineer accountants (geometricians)— 

Chief geometricians- 9 

Principal geometricians, first class- 30 

Principal geometricians, second class_ 30 

Principal geometricians, third class... 35 

Geometricians, first class-- 34 

Geometricians, second class_ 48 

Assistant geometricians .. 35 

Total. 221 

Total technical accountants- 384 


(c) TECHNICAL CHIEFS OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING. 

1. Division and Duties. —Direction of artillery and engi¬ 
neering works. Technical chiefs are distributed for duties in 
military factories, arsenals, and other technical establish¬ 
ments of artillery and engineering. 


























124 


ITALY. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Principal technical chiefs, first class .... 8 

Principal technical chiefs, second class- 18 

Principal technical chiefs, third class--- 26 

Technical chiefs, first class.. 26 

Technical chiefs, second class__ 30 

Technical chiefs, third class ..... 38 

Total....... 146 


(d) LOCAL ASSISTANTS. 

1. Division and Duties. —Direction of laboring forces in 


engineering and other establishments. 

2. Composition and Number : 

Local assistants of engineers: 

Local assistants, first class... 75 

Local assistants, second class_ 77 

Local assistants, third class.. 71 

Total.. 223 

Local assistants employed in establishments and 
works other than those of engineers: 

Local assistants, first class.. 144 

Local assistants, second class .. 105 

Local assistants, third class__ 12 

Total. .... 261 

Total local assistants___ 484 

Grand total technical staffs_ 1,633 


(8) SANITARY STAFFS. 

1. Division and Duties.— Sanitary staffs are intrusted 
with medical and pharmaceutical services in the army. The 
sanitary staffs are subdivided for administrative purposes 
into the following groups: 

(a) The general inspection of sanitary troops; 

(b) Twelve military sanitary directions; 

(c) Twenty-five main hospital directions; and finally, # 

( d) Medical and pharmaceutical corps. 

The sanitary inspection has been treated upon above, to¬ 
gether with other army inspections. It is composed of 5 med¬ 
ical and pharmaceutical inspectors. 

Sanitary directions are placed in the same localities with 
army corps commands, and are intrusted with direction of and 
supervision over medical and pharmaceutical service within 






















ITALY. 


125 


the district of their jurisdiction. A command of a sanitary 
direction consists of a colonel of medical stalf, as director; of 
a physician attached, usually of the rank of captain; and of a 
clerk from the corps of officials. 

Hospital directions have each from 3 to 17 medical officers, 
with a lieutenant colonel or major of medical stalf as director, 
from 1 to 7 pharmacists, and a certain number of accountant 
officers and clerks. Besides hospitals, there are garrison 
infirmaries, each with a physician of the rank of captain or 
major as director, and sometimes with one pharmacist. 
Among hospitals, 25 are considered as main hospitals and 6 are 
branch hospitals. Directors of main hospitals have privi¬ 
leges and are subject to all responsibility of regular com¬ 
mandants of army units. Their authority extends not only 
over the technical and the administrative, hut also over the 
disciplinary part of the service within the district of their 
jurisdiction. Main hospital directors are further placed at 
the command of detachments of sanitary troops, and, in case 
their hospitals are attached to army corps commands, they 
command the sanitary company of the corps. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) MEDICAL STAFF. 

Ma j or generals. 2 

Colonels.. 16 

Lieutenant colonels.. 28 

Majors. 72 

Captains----- 288 

Lieutenants.. 160 

Sublieutenants...-.-. 26 

- 592 

( b) PHARMACEUTICAL STAFF. 

Pharmaceutical inspector- 1 

Pharmaceutical director.. 1 

Chief pharmacists....- 10 

Pharmacists, first class-- 17 

Pharmacists, second class- 29 

Pharmacists, third class.. 41 

- 99 

Total sanitary staffs..- - -. 691 

(9) VETERINARY STAFF. 


1. Division and Duties. —Veterinary officers are intrusted 
with veterinary service in the army and at army estab¬ 
lishments requiring such service, as in colt farms, remount 
depots, etc. 
















126 


ITALY. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonel.....—.. 1 

Lieutenant colonels_ 2 

Majors.. 10 

Captains-- 60 

Lieutenants.......-.116 

Total_ 189 


(10) MILITARY ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC STAFFS. 

(a) MILITARY ACCOUNTANTS’ STAFF. 

1. Division and Duties. —Accountants are intrusted with 
accounts and payment of salaries in the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonel ... 

Lieutenant colonels 

Majors_ 

Captains- 

Lieutenants.. 

Sublieutenants 


1 

12 

18 

336 

600 

66 


Total___ 1,033 

( b ) MILITARY INTENDANCE AND MAINTENANCE STAFF. 

1. Division and Duties. —The service consists of supply¬ 
ing army with provisions, forage, clothing, and equipment, 
and of administration of barracks. Administrative officers 
are distributed among twelve administrative directions, among 
offices of war ministry, and of the general staff corps, at the 
administrative service of army corps, among military central 
stores, and other administrative establishments and factories. 

The military administrative directions are found in the 
same localities with corps commands, and their jurisdiction 
extends over the same territory as the jurisdiction of the lat¬ 
ter. Administrative directions exercise supervision and au¬ 
thority over administrative sections, factories, bakeries, equip¬ 
ment stores, and other administrative establishments found 
in their districts. 

Maintenance establishments, in time of peace, consist of 1 
provision depot, 42 bakeries, 1 factory of canned meat, 1 mill, 
and 8 distributing stores. 
















ITALY. 


127 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonels, commissaries_ 12 

Lieutenant colonels, commissaries__ 12 

Majors, commissaries.. 28 

Captains, commissaries..„.. 117 

Lieutenants, commissaries. 136 

Sublieutenants, commissaries.__ 14 


Total. 319 


Total administrative and maintenance staffs. _ _ 1,352 


(11) STAFFS OF EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 

(a) WAR SCHOOL. 

1. Purpose. —The war school aims at educating army offi¬ 
cers in higher military sciences with the view of qualifying 
them for the services of the general staff, for higher commands, 
or some special services in the army. 

2. Admission. —Admission is determined by examination, 
to which may apply officers of good bodily and moral qualifi¬ 
cations, who have served as officers at least three years, if 
they come from artillery and engineer troops, and four years, 
if they come from other arms. 

3. Curriculum. —Curriculum covers three years. 

4. Graduation and Privileges Conferred. —Graduates 
of war school obtain diplomas, and are either assigned as 
adjutants to infantry or cavalry brigades or attached to the 
general staff corps on probation. Promotion to a full mem¬ 
bership of the general staff corps depends upon ability shown 
in the probation service. 

5. Administrative and Teaching Staff. —Nonmembers 


of special staffs: 

General, commandant--- 1 

Majors...-... 4 

Captain... 1 

Lieutenant----. 1 

Civil instructors...- 6 

Total... 13 


Members of special staffs: 

9 general staff corps officers (1 colonel, 6 lieutenant colo¬ 
nels, and 2 majors); 

1 physician (caj>tain); 

2 accountants (1 captain and 1 lieutenant); 

2 local assistants; 

5 officials (clerks). 


















128 


ITALY. 


(b) SCHOOL OF APPLICATION OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING. 

1. Purpose. —The school is intended to complete the spe¬ 
cial education of sublieutenants graduating from the military 
academy who are destined for artillery or engineer corps. 

2. Curriculum, Graduation, Privileges Conferred, 
etc. —Curriculum consists of a short preparatory course, and 
of a regular course which covers two years. Graduates are 
assigned to artillery and engineer corps and are promoted to 
the rank of lieutenant. Those who fail in the course are 
transferred to cavalry or infantry, but are allowed to repeat 
the final examination, and upon passing it they have the same 
privileges as other graduates, and are returned to their arms. 

3. Composition and Numbers of Administrative and 


Teaching Staff: 

General, commandant. __ 1 

Colonel, second commandant-- 1 

Major. 1 

Captains- 10 

Lieutenants- 6 

Civil instructors.. 2 

Total.. 21 


Besides 21 members of special staffs, viz: 

12 officers of engineer corps (1 lieutenant colonel, 2 
majors, 4 captains, and 5 lieutenants); 

1 captain of medical staff; 

2 accountant officers (1 captain and 1 lieutenant); 

6 officials (clerks). 

(c) MILITARY ACADEMY. 

1. Purpose. —The military academy aims at educating 
young men for service as officers of artillery and engineering. 
Admission is determined by an examination, for which may 
apply young men who have successfully passed five years in 
military colleges, or graduates of lyceums or technological 
institutes. Curriculum covers three years. 

2. Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


General, commandant_ l 

Colonel - 1 

Major.. 1 

Captains-. 5 

Lieutenants_ 9 

Civil professors and teachers.. 6 

Total .. 23 
















ITALY. 


129 


Besides 16 members of special staffs, viz: 

2 officers of engineer corps (1 captain and 1 lieutenant); 

1 captain of medical corps; 

3 accountant officers (1 captain and 2 lieutenants); 

8 officials (clerks); 

2 local assistants. 

(d) MILITARY SCHOOL. 

Purpose. —Tlie military school aims at educating young 
men aspiring to become officers of infantry, cavalry, or military 
administration. Graduates of military colleges are admitted 
without examination; other candidates are required to pass 
an examination covering subjects usually taught in military 
colleges. Curriculum covers two years. Graduates are 
assigned to infantry, cavalry, or administration corps, with 
the rank of sublieutenant. 

2. Administrative and Teaching Staff : 


General, commandant-.--- 1 

Colonel, second commandant- 1 

Lieutenant colonels.. 3 

Captains.- 16 

Lieutenants. 35 

Civil professors and teachers_ 24 

Total__ 80 

Besides 32 members of special staffs, viz: 


4 engineers (2 captains, 2 lieutenants); 

20 officials (clerks); 

8 local assistants. 

(e) SCHOOL OF APPLICATION OF MILITARY MEDICAL SERVICE. 

1. Purpose. —The school aims at instructing physicians 
who enter army in military medicine. The course of study, 
together with practical exercises, extends over a few months. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Nonmembers of medical 
and other special staffs: 

Civil instructor.... 1 

Members of special staffs— 

12 officers of medical staff, viz: 

1 colonel, as director; 

1 lieutenant colonel, vice-director; 

2 majors; 

3 captains; 

3 lieutenants; 

2 sublieutenants; 










130 


ITALY. 


2 accountant officers (1 captain and 1 lieutenant); 

2 officials (clerks). 

(/) INFANTRY CENTRAL SHOOTING SCHOOL. 

1 . Purpose. —The school is aimed to give to infantry sub¬ 
lieutenants instruction in shooting, use of arms, and infantry 
sapper service. There are three or four such courses given 
each year, and each course lasts three or four months. There 
are, besides, in the same school, courses in military book¬ 
keeping for noncommissioned officers of all arms, who want 


to become accountant sublieutenants. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

General, commandant... 1 

Lieutenant colonel. 1 

Major. 1 

Captains__ 7 

Lieutenants .. .______ 9 

Civil instructors..__... __ 2 

Total.. 21 


Besides 7 members of special staffs, viz: 

1 captain of medical corps; 

2 accountant officers (a captain and a lieutenant); 

3 officials (clerks); 

1 technical chief. 

( g) CAVALRY SCHOOL. 

1 . Purpose. —The school aims at completing military educa¬ 
tion of cavalry sublieutenants who have graduated from the 


military school. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Colonel, commandant___ . _ l 

Major_ 1 

Captains .. 9 

Lieutenants__ 21 

Civil instructors. 2 

Total..._. 34 


Besides 10 members of special staffs, viz: 

2 medical officers (a captain and a lieutenant); 

3 veterinary surgeons (1 captain and 2 lieutenants); 
3 accountant officers (1 captain and 2 lieutenants); 

2 officials (clerks). 















ITALY. 


131 


( h ) THE MAIN FENCING SCHOOL. 


1 
6 

Total___ 7 

( i ) MILITARY COLLEGES. 

1. Purpose. —Tlie colleges give education to youths aspir¬ 
ing to become army officers. To the first year are admitted 
boys between 11 and 14 years of age after passing through a 
physical and an admission examination. Curriculum covers 
five years. Graduates are admitted to the military school, or 
the military academy. There are two military colleges in 
Italy. 

2. Composition and Numbers of the Staffs: 


Commandants, colonels_ 2 

Lieutenant colonels, second commandants .. _. 2 

Captains. 6 

Lieutenants.. 9 

Professors and instructors.. 36 

Total .. 55 


Besides 21 members of special staffs, viz: 

2 captains of medical corps; 

6 accountant officers (4 captains and 2 lieutenants); 

10 officials (clerks); 

3 local assistants. 

Total educational staffs, 255. 

(12) STAFF OF THE MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE. 

1. Division and Duties. —The military geographical insti¬ 
tute is intrusted with all military geographical works, survey, 
preparation of charts and maps, etc. The staff, besides offi¬ 
cers of the general staff corps and officers of other arms, con¬ 
sists of engineer geographers and topographers, whose duties 
are determined by special scientific works of the institute. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Engineer geographers.. 10 

Topographers. 50 

Assistant topographers. 60 

Total .. 120 


1. - Purpose.— Indicated by the name. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General, director... 

Instructors.. 















132 


ITALY. 


Besides 79 members of special staffs, viz: 

64 general staff officers and officers attached to the 
general staff (1 general, director, 1 colonel, 1 
lieutenant colonel, 13 captains, 45 lieutenants, 3 
sublieutenants); 

3 accountant officers (1 captain and 2 lieutenants); 

10 officials (clerks); 

2 local assistants. 

(13) PERMANENT MILITARY COMMANDS OF RAILWAY STATIONS. 

1 . Duties. —As indicated by the name, not specified more 
fully. There are 12 stations having such commands. Each 
consists of a captain and a lieutenant. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 


Captains..... 12 

Lieutenants..... 12 

Total.... 24 


(14) STAFF OF OFFICIALS (CLERKS). 

Duties. —Officials are employed at various offices of the 
army and are in general charged with office work. Special 
duties are determined by the kind of office at which a particu¬ 
lar clerk is employed. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 


Officials, first class _____770 

Officials, second class.... 559 

Officials, third class.... 60 

Total------ 1,389 









JAPAN 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co., London, 1898. 

Resume Statistique de L’Empire du Japon. (Statistical Resume of the 
Japanese Empire.) Tokio, 1897. 

Meiklejohn’s Japan Directory. Yokohama, 1897. 

Heroic Japan. F. W. Eastlake and Yamada Yoshi-Aki, London, 1897. 
Notas Militares sobre El Japon. (Military Notes on Japan.) D. M. Abbad, 
Madrid, 1896. 

The China-Japan War. Vladimir, London, 1896. 

Voyennoy Sbornik (Military Magazine), No. 6. June, 1895. St. Petersburg. 
L'Armee et la Marine Japonaises. (Japanese Army and Navy.) H. Charles- 
Lavauzelle, Paris, 1892. 

The Armed Strength of Japan. Capt. J. M. Grierson, London, 1886. 

The Armies of Asia and Europe. Emory Upton, New York, 1878. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry....... 66,000 

Cavalry----- 3,500 

Artillery...-.. 7,000 

Other arms.. 11,060 

Total .. 87,560 

II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total force of staff officers--- 949 


III.—GENERAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties.— In 1893 regulations were issued recog¬ 
nizing the general staff as an institution in charge of national 
defense and military operations. It superintends, in time of 
peace, the organization, distribution, and movement of troops, 
and in time of war the mobilization of the army and the con¬ 
duct of operations. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —It is composed of a mar¬ 
shal, as chief of the general staff, with an assistant chief; a 
lieutenant general, and 39 officers who have served two 
years in the line, have completed a four years’ course of studies 
in the military school, and have been attached to the general 
staff for some time to demonstrate the necessary aptitude. 


(138) 










134 


JAPAN. 


3 . Chief of Staff and Duties. —Tlie chief of the general 
staff, a marshal of Japan, is under direct imperial command, 
being independent of the war minister. His duties are to 
plan and prepare regulations on projects for national defense 
and military operations, and, after the imperial decision has 
been given, he submits military decrees to the secretary of 
war for enactment and promulgation. 

4. Division and Duties: 

(a) The general office .—It is the assistant director’s office 
for the transaction of the financial and general business of 
the general staff. The personnel is 2 field and 3 junior officers. 

(b) First bureau .—It has charge of personnel, matdriel, and 
organization of troops in peace, and regulations and means of 
communication in war time. The personnel is 10 field and 3 
junior officers. 

(c) Second bureau .-—It has charge of warlike contrivances, 
forts and fortresses, local distribution of military bodies, 
affairs of foreign countries, and preparation of maps. The 
personnel is 10 field and 10 junior officers. 

(d) Compilation bureau .—It has charge of the compilation 
of military and political geography, both home and foreign, 
military history, and the translation of foreign books. The 
personnel is 1 field and two junior officers. 

There are also a surveying bureau and a trigonometrical, 
a topographical, and a cartographical section. 

IV.—OTHER STAFFS. 


(1) Battalion staffs_ 440 

(2) Regimental staffs_ 140 

(3) Brigade staffs.. 36 

(4) Division staffs_ 122 

(5) Tsoushima colony staff_ 7 

(6) Hokkaido colony staff_ 17 

(7) Gendarmery staff_ 5 

(8) War minister’s staff_ 149 

(9) Inspector general’s staff.. 24 

Total .. 940 


(1) BATTALION STAFF. 

(1) General Duties. —Both military and administrative. 

(2 ) Composition and Numbers: 


Major, commandant_ 1 

First lieutenant, adjutant_ 1 

Second lieutenant, paymaster_ l 

Captain, surgeon. l 

Total for each battalion_ 4 

For 100 battalions_ 440 


















JAPAN. 


135 


(2) REGIMENTAL STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—B oth military and administrative. 

2. Composition and Numbers : 

Colonel, commandant_ 1 

Captain, adjutant_ 1 

First" lieutenant, paymaster_ 1 

Major, surgeon ___ 1 

Total for each regiment_ 4 

For 35 regiments__ __ 140 

(3) BRIGADE STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—O nly military. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Brigadier general, commandant__ 1 

Captain, first adjutant_.__ 1 

Lieutenant, second adjutant_ 1 

Total for each brigade_ 3 

For 12 brigades._ 36 

(4) DIVISION STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—B oth military and administrative. 
The division is the largest unit of troops in the Japanese army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Division general, commandant_ 1 

Colonel, chief of staff. 1 

Major, chief adjutant-- 1 

Administrative officers-- 2 

Permanent judge-advocate officers- 4 

Chief surgeon- 1 

Chief veterinary surgeon- 1 

Junior officers. 7 

Total for each division. 18 

For 6 divisions- 108 

Guards division staff-- 14 

Total division staff- 122 

(5) TSOUSHIMA COLONY MILITARY STAFF. 

Major general- 1 

Lieutenant colonel-—- 1 

Lieutenant, adjutant- ---.- 1 

Administrative officer - 1 

Surgeons- 3 

Total_ ------- 7 































136 


JAPAN. 


(6) HOKKAIDO COLONY MILITARY STAFF. 

Brigadier general, commandant_ 1 

Colonel, assistant commandant--- - - - 1 

Lieutenant colonel (general staff), chief of staff-- 

Field officers, adjutants_ 2 

Field officers, administrative_ 2 

Field officers, justice____- 2 

Field officers, surgeons- 2 

Junior officers.._. 7 

Total___- 17 

(7) GENDARMERY STAFF. 

Colonel_ 1 

Major_ 1 

Junior officers ... 3 

Total_ 5 

(8) WAR MINISTER’S STAFF. 

1. General Duties.—M easures for the execution of Em¬ 
peror’s orders. Personnel and matdriel of the various branches. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

General officers_ 4 

Field officers_ 31 

J unior officers_ 114 

Total__ 149 

3. Division and Subdivision.—I t is divided into five de¬ 
partments • 

(a) GENERAL DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1 .—General correspondence. 

Section 2. —Recruiting. 

Section 3 .—Military schools. 

Section J /-.—Military law. 

Section 5. —Rewards. 

Section 6. —Archives. 

Section 7. —Publications. 

Section 8. —Translations. 

( b ) INFANTRY AND CAVALRY DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. —Infantry. 

Section 2. —Cavalry. 

(c) ARTILLERY DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. —Personnel. 

Section 2. —Materiel. 



















JAPAN. 


137 


(d) ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. —Personnel. 

Section 2. —Materiel. 

(e) INTENDANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. —Clothing, barracks, and supplies. 

Section 2. —Hospitals. 

Section 3. —Accounts. 

Section —Pay. 

(9) INSPECTOR GENERAL’S STAFF. 

1 . General Duties. —Discipline and good order in the 


army. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Division general.. 1 

Colonel (general staff), chief of staff. — 

Brigadier general, inspector general__ 1 

Colonels, inspectors general. 4 

Lieutenant colonel, inspector general.. 1 

Junior officers.. 17 

Total. 24 


3. Division and Duties. —(a) General inspection of schools; 
(b) general inspection of cavalry; (c) general inspection of 
field artillery; ( d ) general inspection of fortress artillery; 
and (e) general inspection of the train. 














* 







































. 



' 


























PRUSSIA 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

Handbook of the German Army. Major E. Agar. London, 1897. 

von Lobells Jahresberichte hber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Von Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin. 1896. 

Leitfaden fur den Unterricht liber Heerwesen. (Guide for Instruction in 
Army Organization.) Berlin, 1895. 

Corpo di Stato Maggiore. Tabelle relative alia costituzione delle Forze 
Militari deirimperio Germanico. (General Staff Corps. Tables Rel¬ 
ative to the Organization of the Military Forces of the German 
Empire.) Rome, 1894. 

L’Allemagne et L’Armee Allemande. (Germany and German Army.) 
John Povolni. Paris, 1891. 

The Armed Strength of the German Empire. Captain Grierson. Lon¬ 
don, 1888. 

The Armies of Asia and Europe. Emory Upton. New York, 1878. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 

Infantry... 

Cavalry.—... 

Artillery..—.... 

Other arms.... 


298,142 
58,270 
65,396 
26,708 


Total 


443,516 


II.—STRENGTH OF THE STAFF. 

t 

Total force of staff officers (military and adminis¬ 
trative) ....*--7,858 

III.—GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties.— (a) Collecting and arranging military 
information necessary to a knowledge of German and foreign 
defenses, and ( b ) training of officers of the general staff and 
of the officers attached to it for duty. 

Composition and Numbers.— The Prussian general staff is 
not a closed corps, hut rather a great family of officers of high 
military and scientific training who have gradually attained 
their independent position in the organization of the Prussian 
army, where the chief of every unit has the right of initiative. 


(139) 











140 


PRUSSIA. 


According to the army list for 1897-98 the personnel of the 


general staff comprises: 

General, chief of the general staff-.. 1 

General, chief of the national survey- 1 

Major generals ....-.. 10 

Colonels..__ 15 

Lieutenant colonels- 17 

Majors.... .- 92 

Captains._.-.. 93 

Total officers_ 229 


Chief of Staff and Duties. —A high-class general, who 
cooperates with the minister of war in the following way: The 
minister of war creates and coordinates the means of action, 
and the chief of the general staff studies, during peace, the 
best methods of using them, and puts them into execution 
during war. His duties, therefore, are (a) to organize war 
preparation, and (b) to direct higher army instruction. In 
other words, (1) study of the use of the army in case of war, 
(2) transport and concentration of troops on the theater of 
war (the mobilization belongs to the war ministry), (3) plans 
for quartering troops, (4) inspection of railway regiments, 
(5) direction of instruction at the war academy, and (6) in¬ 
struction, selection, and appointment of general staff officers. 

Division. —It consists of: 

I. —The “Principal establishment” (“Haupt-Etat”) and 

II. —The “Auxiliary establishment” (“Neben-Etat”).* 

1. —“ HAUPT-ETAT. ” 

General Duties. —Preparation in time of peace and exe¬ 
cution in time of war of all military operations. 


Composition and Numbers: 

General, chief of the general staff..... 1 

Major generals_ 9 

Colonels_ 13 

Lieutenant colonels_ 16 

Majors - 90 

Captains . - - . ... 82 

Total officers___ 211 


Division. —It is divided into (a) “great general staff,” and 
(b) the “general staff attached to troops.” 


* Since April 1, 1898, the “Neben-Etat” has been incorporated with the 
“Haupt-Etat.” 


















PRUSSIA. 


141 


(1) GREAT (OR CENTRAL) GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Originating the measures to be exe¬ 
cuted by the “general staff officers attached to troops.” 


Composition and Numbers: 

General . 1 

Major generals.__ 5 

(Dolonels __ 7 

Lieutenant colonels_ 9 

Majors _ 54 

Captains_ 52 

Total officers_*...128 


Division and Duties. — (a) Central section , under a major 
general who relieves the chief of the general staff of much 
detail; the adjutants of the latter are on duty in this office. 
The section deals with the personnel of the general staff, and 
the organization and financial affairs connected therewith. 

(b) The first section keeps informed of all military events 
and improvements, of all matters concerning organization, 
training, recruitment, armament, equipment, etc., of the 
Prussian army, and of the armies of Russia, Austria, Swe¬ 
den, Norway, Denmark, and the Balkan Peninsula. 

(c) The second section performs the same duties with 
regard to Germany. 

(d) The third section deals with the same matters concern¬ 
ing England, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, 
Spain, Portugal, America, and Asia, exclusive of Russian 
Asia. 

(e) The fourth section deals with matters of fortification, 
fortresses, and technical engineer matters. 

(/) The fifth section is the military historical section, and 
has charge of the library and military records. 

(g) The railway section is charged with all matter concern¬ 
ing the military use of railways. The railways of the 
German Empire are divided into lines for military purposes, 
these lines corresponding, as far as practicable, to the great 
railway companies or state managements. For each of these 
lines there is, in time of peace, a “Line Commission”, its 
duty being to make arrangements for and superintend all 
movements of troops by rail. Each of the commissions is 
presided over by a field officer and a civil railway official of 
high rank. 









142 


PRUSSIA. 


( h) The geographical and statistical section is charged with 
the collection of military geographical data of European ter¬ 
ritory, likely to become the theater of war. 

The personnel of all the above sections amounts to 104 
officers. 

Connected with the war academy (and, in part, also per¬ 
forming other functions) are 24 officers: 


Major generals...._.. 4 

Colonels.... 4 

Lieutenant colonels. 4 

Majors..—__ 7 

Captains. 5 


(2) GENERAL STAFF WITH TROOPS. 

General Duties.—T o execute the measures inaugurated 
by the great general staff, while obeying at the same time 
other (minor) orders of the generals commanding the units of 
troops to which they are attached. 

Composition and Numbers. — (a) On duty with army dis¬ 


trict staffs: 

Maj or general_ 1 

Majors... 3 

( b ) On duty with army corps and division staffs: 

Major generals.. 3 

Colonels .. 6 

Lieutenant colonels- 7 

Majors- 37 

Captains. 27 

(c) On duty with fortress staffs: 

Majors. 6 

Captains.. 3 


Division and Duties.— General staff officers are attached 
to troops at the rate of 1 chief of staff, 1 field officer, and 1 
captain to each army corps, und 1 field officer or captain to 
each division. 

At these headquarters business is divided into 4 sections as 
follows: 

(a) First section—general staff: Dealing with marches, 
quarters, movements of troops, drills and maneuvers, mobil¬ 
ization, roads, railways and telegraphs, frontier and political 
questions, deserters, strength, condition, and distribution of 
neighboringforeign armies, bridgingand pontooning, engineer 
















PRUSSIA. 


143 


and artillery matters, armament of fortresses, maps, and with 
the intelligence department. 

(b) Second section—Adjutant general’s department. 

(c) Third section—Judge advocate’s department. 

(d) Fourth section—Commissariat, and medical and relig¬ 
ious matters. 

The duties, composition, and numbers of the preceding three 
sections are given below, under the heading of “Other Staffs.” 

II.—“neben-etat.” 

General Duties. —National survey. 

Composition and Numbers. —It consists of officers selected 
on account of distinction in some particular scientific branch. 


In 1897 their number was: 

General, chief of the survey.... 1 

Ma j or general. 1 

Colonels_ 2 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors.. 2 

Captains.. 11 

Total officers .. 18 


Division. —It is divided into three subsections: (a) trigo¬ 
nometrical, ( b ) topographical, and (c) cartographical. 

APPOINTMENT TO THE GENERAL STAFF. 

Each year a competitive examination is held for admission 
to the war academy of officers having a good record, good 
general education, and at least three years’ service with 
troops. They must also be men of judgment and resolution; 
and the entrance examination is so arranged as to bring out 
not only the power of the candidate’s memory, but also his 
powers of reasoning and arriving at conclusions. 

The number of annual admissions is from 100 to 150, so as 
to complete the total number of 400 student officers main¬ 
tained in all three courses, lasting three years. The student 
officers of the two junior classes are assigned for three months 
during both summers to regimental duty with an arm of the 
service different from their own, so that on reaching the 
senior class the officers have all had practical service with in¬ 
fantry, cavalry, and artillery. The fourth summer, or that 
of the senior class, is taken up by a general staff journey. 









144 


PRUSSIA. 


Upon graduation, all the officers return to their own regi¬ 
ments, where they remain until the following spring, when 
about 20 of the 140 graduates are attached to the general staff 
for a probationary period of from one to three years, at the 
end of which some of them are transferred to the general 
staff and others, not deemed brilliant enough, are returned to 
the line. 

A temporary return to regimental duty from time to time 
is compulsory for all the general staff officers. 

Thus, every effort is put forth to get for the general staff 
the very best material afforded by the army, in all its 
branches; hence, general staff officers are usually regarded 
as mentally and professionally superior to all the other 
officers. They are scientists, and at the same time thoroughly 
practical, and having come from the troops and kept up their 
intimate connection with them, enjoy the respect and confi¬ 
dence of the latter in a high degree. And since this distinc¬ 
tion depends not on advantage of birth, wealth, or influence, 
hut solely on their own effort and merit, it is nearly impossi¬ 
ble for a Prussian officer to become a general without hav¬ 
ing served on the general staff. 

IV. —OTHER STAFFS. 

General Duties. —The duties of the general staff being 
limited to supplying nothing hut brains, information, and 
maps, the other staffs are intrusted with all the remaining 
questions, as administration, inspection, supply, etc. 


Composition and Numbers: 

I.—Staffs of the imperial headquarters..___ 39 

II. —Military cabinet staff ____ 5 

III. —War ministry staff__ 83 

IV. —General military treasury staff... 41 

V.—Royal princes’ staff______ 40 

VI.—Army corps staff- 210 

VII.—Divisional staff_ 220 

VIII.—Fortress staff_......_____ 504 

IX.—Brigade staff_ 120 

X.—Regimental staff ____ 2,320 

XI.—Battalion staff _ 1,578 

XII.—Gendarmery staff_ 9 

XIII. —Depot troops’staff_ 2,245 

XIV. —Inspection staff _ 113 

XV. —Committee staff_ 97 


Total ...... 7,629 



















PRUSSIA. 


145 


I.—IMPERIAL HEADQUARTERS’ STAFF. 

General Duties. —Execution of personal orders of the 


Emperor. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Generals. 17 

Lieutenant generals.. 4 

Major generals.. 3 

Field officers. 15 

Total. 39 


II.—MILITARY CABINET STAFF. 

General Duties. —Publishing the Emperor’s orders, 
Composition and Numbers: 


General.. 1 

Colonel. 1 

Majors.. 2 

Captain... 1 

Total. 5 


III.—WAR MINISTRY STAFF. 

General Duties. —Administration of all the troops of the 
German army except the Saxon, Wurtemberg, and Bavarian 
armies. 

Composition and Numbers: 


Officers..... 45 

Medical officers_____ 7 

Military officials.-. 5 

Civil officials..-.. 26 

Total .-. 83 


Besides 224 civil employees and 58 subordinate civil em¬ 
ployees. 

Division. —It is divided into: (1) Central department; (2) 
General war department; (3) Military economy department; 
(4) Invalid department; (5) Independent remount section; 
and (6) Independent medical section. 

(1) CENTRAL DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties.— Matters on which the war minister has 
to give his own decision, and the personnel of the war minis¬ 
try and intendance. 


9990-10 

















146 


PRUSSIA. 


Composition and Number. —It consists of three subsec¬ 
tions, with a field officer as chief of the department, and three 
civilians of high standing as chiefs of subsections. The two 
aids-de-camp to the war minister are on duty in this depart¬ 
ment. 

(2) GENERAL WAR DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —Matters concerning constitution and 
organization of the army. 

Composition and Numbers, Division and Duties. —It is 
in charge of a director (a general officer), who has an assistant, 
and is divided into: 

(a) Army section , with one field officer as chief, 3 perma¬ 
nent and 2 attached officers. Duties: Organization of the 
army in peace and war, pay of the troops, recruiting, fur¬ 
lough list, landsturm, maneuvers, training and distribution 
of troops, railways, canals, roads, matters connected with 
general staff, survey department, railway regiment, and bal¬ 
loon department, etc. 

(b) Infantry section , with one field-officer as chief, 2 perma¬ 
nent and 1 attached officer. Duties: Affairs specially con¬ 
cerning the infantry and rifles; infantry institutions, military 
bands, interior economy, garrison duties, police duties, supply 
of small and side arms, infantry schools, etc. 

(c) Cavalry section , with 1 field officer as chief, 1 permanent 
and 2 attached officers. Duties: Affairs specially concerning 
the cavalry; military riding establishments, veterinary duties, 
land, body guard, and field gendarmery; couriers, field equip¬ 
ment of the army, train and transport service. 

(d) Field artillery section , with 1 field officer as chief, 1 
permanent and 1 attached officer. Duties: Matters specially 
concerning the field artillery and trains. 

(e) Foot artillery section , with 1 field officer as chief, 1 per¬ 
manent and 1 attached officer. Duties : Matters specially con¬ 
cerning the foot artillery; providing the army and the for¬ 
tresses with artillery material and ammunition; care, renewal, 
and repair of the materiel in the artillery depots; manufac¬ 
ture of arms; ordnance corps and corps of artificers; artillery, 
engineers, and artificers’ schools, and schools of gunnery. 

(/) Engineer section, with 1 field officer as chief, 2 per¬ 
manent and 2 attached officers. Duties: Matters specially 
concerning the engineers and the fortresses; construction of 


PRUSSIA. 147 

new fortifications; engineer, pioneer, and telegraph corps; 
carrier pigeons; electrotechnics, school of telegraph, etc. 

(g) Inspection of the technical institute , with 1 major 
general as chief, 5 permanent and 4 attached officers, besides 
4 captains of ordnance. It comprises two subsections: (1) 
Technical subsection , charged with technical matters con¬ 
nected with artillery in general and with matters connected 
with the above said technical institute; and (2) Small arms 
subsection , charged with matters connected with small arms 
and ammunition factories. 

(3) THE MILITARY ECONOMY DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —Matters connected with paymasters, 
quartermasters, and commissary supplies. 

Composition and Numbers, Division and Duties. —It is 
in charge of a general officer, who has an assistant, and is 
divided into: 

(a) Financial section , with a civil official of high rank as 
chief, and two civil officials. Duties: Matters connected with 
the establishments of troops, military treasury, general finan¬ 
cial administration, extraordinary votes, widows’ funds, etc. 

(b) Provision section , with a civil official of high rank as 
chief, and 1 permanent civil and 1 attached military official. 
Duties: Supply of provisions and forage, military bakery 
sections, provisioning of fortresses, receipt of forage and pro¬ 
visions by the troops. 

(c) Clothing section , with 1 field officer as chief, 1 junior 
officer, and 2 civil officials. Duties: Clothing of the army 
and landwehr, muster of troops, preparation of sealed pat¬ 
terns, provision of colors and standards, clothing and equip¬ 
ment depots, personal affairs of paymasters and aspirant 
paymasters, pay of troops, supplementary lodging allowances, 
rations for recruits and reserve men, traveling and transfer 
allowances, etc. 

(d) Alloivance section , with a field officer as chief, and 4 
permanent civil and 1 attached military official. Duties: 
Barrack and garrison institutions, officers’ messes, quarters 
and allowances for the troops, building and utensil funds, 
maintenance of drill grounds, garrison churches and ceme¬ 
teries, compensation for damages at maneuvers, etc. 

( e) Military works section , with an official of high rank as 
chief, and 4 permanent civil officials. Duties: Advice to the 


148 


PRUSSIA. 


other sections on technical questions of construction, collection 
of material, contracts, etc. 

(4) INVALID DEPARTMENT. 

General Duties. —Pensions and employment of nonactive 
officers and men. 

Composition and Numbers, Division and Duties. —It is 
in charge of a general officer, who has one captain attached to 
him, and is divided into three sections, as follows: 

(a) Pension section, with a field officer as chief, and 4 attached 
officers. Duties: Pensions of officers and officials, as well as 
of their widows and orphans. 

(b) Maintenance section , with a civil official as chief, and 2 
permanent civil and attached military officials. Duties: Pen¬ 
sions of lower ranks and of their widows and children; invalid 
establishments. 

(c) Employment section , with a field officer as chief, 1 per¬ 
manent officer, and 1 permanent civil and 1 attached military 
official. Duties: Employment of nonactive officers and men, 
old soldiers’ societies, execution of punishments, disciplinary 
divisions, divine service, military justice, courts of honor, 
marriages, etc. 

(5) INDEPENDENT REMOUNT SECTION. 

General Duties. — All remount operations, the manage¬ 
ment of the horse-compensation funds for adjutants, the 
remount depots, and the four remount committees. 

Composition and Numbers. —This section is under a gen¬ 
eral officer as inspector general of remounts, assisted by a 
cavalry officer as adjutant, and by a civil official. 

(6) INDEPENDENT MEDICAL SECTION. 

General Duties. —Army medical service, military hygiene, 
sanitary police and statistics, medical superintendence of 
recruiting and invaliding, and supply of medical stores and 
instruments. 

Composition and Numbers. —The surgeon general of the 
army as chief, one surgeon general, two surgeon majors, and 
a military official, as permanent members, and three surgeons 
attached for duty. 


PRUSSIA. 


149 


IV.—GENERAL MILITARY TREASURY STAFF. 

General Duties. —Receipt, guarding, and disbursements 
of money. 

Composition and Numbers.— Six military and 30 civilian 
officials, besides 5 employees. 

V.—ROYAL PRINCES’ STAFF. 

General Duties. —Execution of personal orders of royal 
princes. 

Composition and Numbers. —There are about 40 officers, of 
all ranks from lieutenant general to first lieutenant, perform¬ 
ing duties of adjutants to royal princes. 

VI.—ARMY CORPS STAFFS. 

General Duties. —In cooperation with general staff offi¬ 
cers to relieve generals commanding army corps from all 
routine work. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(One) general staff or general field officer, as chief-- — 


Two or three general staff officers--— 

Major or captain of infantry, as adjutant...- 1 

Captain or lieutenant of cavalry, as adjutant. 1 

Corps intendant- 1 

Intendance officials.. 6 

Corps judge advocate.. 1 

Corps surgeon- 1 

Assistant surgeon (secretary to the above)_ 1 

Corps chaplain- 1 

Corps veterinary surgeon_ 1 

Total for each army corps.... 14 

For 15 army corps. 210 


VII.—DIVISION STAFFS. 

General Duties. —With cooperation of general staff offi¬ 
cers to relieve generals commanding divisions of all routine 
work. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(One) major or captain of general staff, as chief- — 


Adjutant, major or captain... 1 

Division intendant...-.. 1 

Division judge advocates -- 2 

Division surgeon-- 1 

Division chaplains.. 2 

Total for each division_ 7 

For 33 infantry and cavalry divisions-231 






















150 


PRUSSIA. 


Division of Duties. —It was mentioned above, under the 
heading of “General staff with troops,” that the staff duties 
at the headquarters of army corps and division are divided 
into 4 sections: 

(1) First section , belonging to general staff, and already 
described. 

(2) Adjutantur , viz, staff adjutants, or adjutants with troops. 
Personal aids are not detailed to general officers in Prussia. 
All adjutants perform office duty (besides their personal and 
social duties toward their generals); daily orders, counter¬ 
signs, garrison and guard duties, promotion, leave of absence, 
transfer, rewards, punishments, recruiting, invaliding, re- 

# mounts, military police, pensions, ammunition, armament, etc. 

(3) Judge advocate’s department , with duties sufficiently 
indicated by its title; 

(4) Commissary and medical and religious matters , in 
charge of: (a) treasury and general accounts, provision and 
forage, central clothing depots, train material, barracks, bar¬ 
rack furniture, bedding, lighting, lodging allowances; (b) 
hospitals, pensions, invaliding; (c) medical and sanitary mat¬ 
ters; and (d) religious service. 

VIII.—STAFFS OF FORTRESSES, TOWNS, AND GARRISONS. 

General Duties. —Superintendence of garrison duties and 
preparation in time of peace of all details for defense in time 
of war. 

Composition and Numbers. —In 60 fortresses and garrison 


towns there are: 

Governors, general officers.._ 7 

Commandants, general officers__ 30 

Commandants, field officers- 15 

General staff officers (nine counted above)_ — 

Adjutants to governors- 8 

Adjutants to commandants_ 9 

Town majors_ 47 

First artillery officers of the fortress... 32 

Second artillery officers of the fortress.__ 9 

Engineer officers of the fortress__ 35 

Engineer officers for duty__ 168 

Fortress judge advocates.. 58 

Garrison surgeons_ 43 

Garrison chaplains_ 43 

Total.. 504 

















PRUSSIA. 


151 


IX.—BRIGADE STAFFS. 

General Duties.— Purely military. 

Composition and Numbers. —One lieutenant as adjutant 
to each, brigade of infantry, cavalry, or artillery, but in artih 
lery brigades an officer of the corps of artificers is added, thus 
making the staff total about 120. 

X. —REGIMENTAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Purely military. 

Composition and Numbers. —One lieutenant as adjutant 
to each regiment, thus making in all 290, and for medical 
service 2,030; total, 2,320. 

XI. —BATTALION STAFF. 

General Duties. —Both military and administrative. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Second lieutenant, as adjutant.—.. 1 

Paymaster_ 1 

Assistant paymaster- 1 

Total for each battalion- 3 

For 526 battalions.... 1,578 


XII.—GENDARMERY STAFF. 

General Duties. —Aid to the authorities in maintaining 
public order and security. 

Composition and Numbers: 


General officer_ 1 

Majors, adjutants-- 2 

Paymaster- 1 

Officials_ 5 

Total_ 9 


XIII.—DEPOT TROOPS’ STAFF. 

General Duties.— To make good the losses in men, horses, 
and material suffered by the corresponding active troops, and 
to serve as a nucleus for new formations. 


Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Infantry— 

Battalion adjutants. -- 347 

Battalion paymasters- 694 

Battalion medical officers.- 694 

Total ....1,735 



















152 


PRUSSIA. 


(6) Cavalry— 

Squadron paymasters... - - 73 

Squadron medical officers. —- 73 

Squadron veterinary surgeons-- 73 

Total.....—. 219 

(c) Artillery— 

Battery ad jutants_—_- -_ 35 

Battery paymasters- 35 

Battery medical officers_ 70 

Battery veterinary surgeons- 70 

Total...—.. 210 

( d) Pioneers— 

Battalion paymasters_ 15 

Battalion medical officers_ 15 

Total__ 30 

(e) Railway troops— 

Battalion paymasters. 4 

Battalion medical officers- 2 

Total. 6 

(/) Train troops— 

Battalion paymasters _ 15 

Battalion medical officers-- 15 

Battalion veterinary surgeons- 15 

Total.. 45 


Total depot troops staff_ 2,245 


XIV.—INSPECTION STAFFS OF SPECIAL ARMS. 

General Duties. —To superintend the special training and 


preparation of the various arms for war. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Inspection of field artillery— 

General. 1 

Lieutenant generals_ 3 

Major general.. 1 

Field officer, as chief of staff_ 1 

Majors. 2 

Captains—._ 2 

Lieutenants.—.... 4 

Total___ 14 

(b) Inspection of foot artillery— 

Lieutenant general —.. 1 

Ma j or generals.. 4 

Major_ 1 

Captains_ 3 

Lieutenants_ 4 

Total___ 13 





































PRUSSIA. 


153 


(c) Inspection of artillery depots— 

Field officers___ _ 4 

Officers of ordnance corps__ 8 

Officers of the corps of artificers .. 4 

Total__ 16 

(d) Inspection of engineers— 

General_ 1 

Major generals_ 4 

Colonel, as chief of staff_ 1 

Colonels__ 2 

Field officers_ 11 

Junior officers, as adjutants_ 27 

Total _ 46 

( e ) Inspection of landwehr— 

Major generals__ 3 

Adjutants_ 3 

Total. 6 

(/) Inspection of military education— 

General.. 1 

Adjutants_ 2 

Civil employees __ 3 

Total _ _ 6 

(g) Inspection of rifles and sharpshooters— 

Major general_ 1 

Adjutant..... 1 

Officer attached for duty. 1 

Total. 3 

( h ) Inspection of infantry schools— 

Major general_ 1 

Adjutant__ 1 

Total .. 2 

(i) Inspection of war schools— 

General.. 1 

Adjutant- 1 

Total_ 2 

(/) Inspection of train— 

Major general_ 1 

Adjutants- 2 

Depot officer_ 1 

Total_ 4 

(k) Inspection of veterinary department— 

General of cavalry- 1 

Adjutant-- 1 

Veterinary surgeons. 2 

Total- 4 






































154 


PRUSSIA. 


(Z) Inspection of military prisons— 

Field officer__1 

Adjutant.---- 1 

Total__ 2 

Total inspection staffs- 118 


XV.—COMMITTEE STAFFS. 

General Duties. —Consideration of important questions 
concerning general and special defense, and general and spe¬ 
cial regulations, organization, armament, and equipment of 
troops. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Defense committee— 

Crown prince. — 

Chief of the general staff..- — 

Quartermaster general_ 1 

Inspector general of field artillery_ — 

Inspector general of foot artillery_ — 

Inspector general of engineers-- — 

Chief of admiralty_ — 


Generals.. 3 

Total____ 4 


(5) The general artillery committee— 

All general officers of artillery who happen 
to be in Berlin at the time. 

(c) Artillery experimental committee— 


Maj or general__ 1 

Colonels__ 3 

Field officers__ 2 

Captains_ 7 

Lieutenants _ 6 

Officers of the ordnance corps_ 2 

Officers of the corps of artificers_ 2 

Surgeon .. 1 

Total____ 24 

( d ) Engineer committee— 

General . l 

Field officers__ 2 

Adjutant . 1 

Junior officers. 10 


Total 


14 





























PRUSSIA. 


155 




(e) Several examination and military studies com¬ 
mittees— 

Generals of all arms. 9 

Surgeon general_ 1 

Field officers__ 41 

Junior officers_ 4 

Civil examiners.. — 

Total __ 55 


Total committee staffs 


97 









































































































































































































































ROUMANIA 


REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Capt. C. E. Caldwell. The Armed Strength of Roumania. London, 1888. 
Alexander J. V. Socecu. Die Rumanische Armee. (The Roumanian 
Army.) Leipzig. (No date.) 

Capts. W. E. Fairholme and Count Gleichen. Handbook of the Armies of 
Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Roumania, and Servia. London, 1895. 
J. Scott Keltie and I. P. A. Renwick. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Lon¬ 
don, 1898. 

Anuarul oficial al armatei romane pe anul 1897. (Official Army List.) 
Bucuresci, 1897. 

The Roumanian Army. Translated from Internationale Revue, XV, 3, 
4,7,10, by Lieutenants Wisser and Harris. Manuscript. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


(a) PERMANENT ARMY. 

Infantry_ 30,150 

Cavalry ..... 8,853 

Artillery. 12,062 

Gendarmery .—.. 1,872 

Other arms..-.... 4,777 


Total ____ 57,714 

(b) TERRITORIAL ARMY. 

Infantry.... 63,070 

Cavalry--- 7,200 


Total___- 70,270 


Total strength of the army.. 127,984 

II.—STRENGTH OF ARMY STAFFS. 

Total strength of army staffs- 1,144 


III.—THE GREAT GENERAL STAFF. 

Division and Duties. —The great general staff forms a 
part of the war ministry, and is not, as in other countries, 
independent of it. It is intrusted with matters relating to 
mobilization, marches, maneuvers, war formation, military 
transportation; telegraph and signal system; study of for¬ 
eign armies, and, finally, with all military, geographical, 
geodetical, astronomical, and cartographical works. All geo¬ 
graphical, cartographical, and other similar works pertain to 

(157) 


















158 


ROUMANIA. 


the geographical institute of the army, which is under con¬ 
trol of the general staff officers. 

Admission to the Great General Staff. —Officers of 
the great general staff are recruited from graduates of the 
superior war school, or foreign war schools. The graduates 
of the war school, who in their studies have shown themselves 
suitable for the general staff, are attached to the staff for a 
term of one year, during which time it is definitely deter¬ 
mined, from the ability shown in practical work, whether 
they are fit for general staff duty or not. Those who have 
passed this last test are afterwards required to complete their 
tour of duty with arms other than their own, and are then 
recalled to the great general staff or the staff of one of the 
larger subdivisions of the army. Finally, after passing the 
field officer’s examination, they are admitted to the brevet 
examination, or examination for admission to the general 
staff, and upon passing this they are permanently assigned as 
officers of the great general staff, or to general staffs of larger 
army subdivisions. 

Composition and Numbers: 


Colonel.. 1 

Lieutenant colonels_ 10 

Majors. 8 

Captains, attached-- 15 

Lieutenant, attached- 1 

Total-- 35 


Chief of the Great General Staff. —The chief of staff 
is a general of division. The chief is subordinate to the min¬ 
ister of war, to whom he submits his projects concerning 
organization, mobilization, maneuvers, war formation, etc. 
The subchief is a brigadier general. 

Offices of the General Staff. —Omitting the geograph¬ 
ical institute, the offices of the general staff are divided into 
two sections, which are further subdivided into five bureaus, 
with the following duties: 

First bureau : Personnel of the general staff; superior war 
school; programmes of instruction in the army; commissions 
and examining boards; projects for military laws, regulations, 
and instruction. 

Second bureau: Organization and mobilization. 

Third bureau: Military operations, maneuvers, general 
instructions, tactical, and administrative regulations; statis¬ 
tics; history. 








ROUMANIA. 


159 


Fourth, bureau: Study and statistics of foreign armies; 
military information; library. 

Fifth bureau: Transportation, military posts, and tele¬ 
graphs. 

IV.— OTHER ARMY STAFFS. 


I. The royal military household__ 19 

II. War ministry __ 149 

III. Auxiliary organs of war ministry_ 14 

IV. Military justice staff ____ 34 

Y. Administrative and economic staffs_ 278 

YI. Sanitary staffs - _.... 176 

VII. Engineering staff .. 134 

VIII. Musicians’staff.... 20 

IX. Educational staff....... 158 

X. Staffs of military establishments. 34 

XI. Staffs of the army in the field__ 128 


Total army staff 


1,144 


I.—THE ROYAL MILITARY HOUSEHOLD. 


Division and Duties. —The royal military household is 
composed of the royal staff and of honorary adjutants. 
Duties of the royal staff are personal military service of the 
King. 


Composition and Numbers: 

(a) The royal staff: 

General of division_ 1 

Colonels.. 2 

Lieutenant colonels. 2 

Major.—.. 1 


Total---- 6 

( b ) Honorary adjutants: 

Generals...... 4 

Colonels.... 7 

Lieutenant colonels.... 2 


Total 


13 


Total royal military household staff 19 

II.—WAR MINISTRY. 

Composition. —The war ministry is composed of the gen¬ 
eral secretariat, of the great general staff, with the geograph¬ 
ical institute, as its dependency, of eight sections, and of 
eight consulting committees. Besides, there is an auxiliary 
organ, called the supreme council of war, over which the 
King himself presides. The following list shows the duties 
of the several divisions of the war ministry: 
























160 


ROUMANIA. 


(a) The general secretariat .—War minister’s own cabinet. 
It consists of two bureaus, of which one is in charge of con¬ 
fidential affairs, of the personnel of generals and colonels, of 
decorations, and all affairs concerning the civil personnel of 
the central administration; and the other is intrusted with 
correspondence, registration, army lists, instructions. 

(h) The great general staff , with bureaus described above, 
and with 

(c) The geographical institute , as a subdivision of the gen¬ 
eral staff. 

( d ) First section. —Infantry. 

( e) Second section. —Cavalry. 

(/) Third section. —Artillery. 

(g) Fourth section. —Engineers. 

(h) Fifth section. —Flotilla. 

( i) Sixth section .—Sanitary service. 

(j) Seventh section. —Intendance. 

( k) Eighth section. —Control. 

( l) Consulting committee of the general staff. 

(m) Consulting committee of infantry. 

(n) Consulting committee of cavalry. 

(o) Consulting committee of artillery. 

( p) Consulting committee of engineers. 

(q) Consulting committee of flotilla. 

( r) Consulting committee of sanitary service. 

(s ) Consulting committee of intendance. 

Number: 

Generals_ 10 

Colonels. 17 

Lieutenant colonels .... 4 

Majors__ 9 

Captains.-... 24 

Lieutenants__ 14 

Civil employees— 

Chiefs of bureaus.. 12 

Subchiefs of bureaus_ 18 

Draftsmen and engravers_ 22 

Archivists_ 12 

Translator__... 1 

Architects and designers_ 5 

Lawyer_ 1 

Total .. .149 
















ROUMANIA. 


161 


Note.— In the foregoing numbers the great general staff officers are 
included, as a body, which in the Roumanian army forms a part of the 
ministry of war. In the grand total of army staffs the great general staff 
is omitted as such, but is included in the staff of war ministry. 

Besides 52 members of special staffs: 

10 administrators, 9 intendants, 11 attached; 

11 engineers (4 colonels, 1 lieutenant colonel, 2 majors, 

2 captains); 

11 members of sanitary corps (8 surgeons of higher rank, 
2 pharmaceutical officers, and 1 veterinary sur¬ 
geon). 

III.—AUXILIARY ORGANS OF THE WAR MINISTRY. 

(1) THE SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF WAR. 

Composition. —The superior council of war is presided over 
by the King, and is composed of 11 members. 

Number. —Nonmembers of other staffs: Generals, 5. 
Members of other staffs: 

5 generals (minister of war, inspectors of cavalry, artil¬ 
lery engineers, chief of the royal military house¬ 
hold) ; 

1 colonel, secretary of the war ministry, as secretary. 

(2) INSPECTION STAFFS. 


Duties.— Indicated by the name. 

Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Cavalry inspection— 

General..... 1 

Captain..—.- 1 

(5) Artillery inspection— 

General..—--- 1 

Colonel...--- 1 

Major- 1 

Captains-- 2 

(c) Engineer inspection— 

General.. 1 

Captain---. 1 

Total..-.-.. 9 

Total auxiliary organs.-. 14 


IV.—MILITARY JUSTICE STAFF. 

Duties.—A dministration of military justice in the army. 


9990 - 11 












162 


ROUMANIA. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Auditors royal commissaries. 6 

Assistant auditors. 5 

Reporters____ 4 

Assistant reporters.. 7 

Recorders (greffes), civil.. 12 

Total.. 34 

V.—ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC STAFFS. 

(1) INTENDANCE STAFF. 

Duties.—I ntendance service to the army. 
Composition and Numbers: 

Intendant general.. 1 

Comptroller general.. 1 

Intendants .. 4 

Subin tendants. 5 

Assistants (adjuncts), first class .. 16 

Assistants (adjuncts), second class.. 27 

Total.. 54 

(2) EQUIPMENT STAFF. 

Duties.—A dministration of army equipment. 
Composition and Numbers: 

Chief administrators__ 3 

Administrators, first class... 80 

Administrators, second class__ 66 

Administrators, third class -. 75 

Total.....1... 224 

Total administrative and economic staffs.278 

VI.—SANITARY STAFFS. 

(1) MEDICAL STAFF. 

Duties.—M edical service in the army. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Medical inspectors general.. 3 

Corps medical officers.. 11 

Division medical officers__ 8 

Regimental surgeons, first class. 24 

Regimental surgeons, second class_ 25 

Battalion surgeons.. 2 

Total. 73 






























ROUMANIA. 


1G3 


(2) PHARMACEUTICAL STAFF. 

Duties.—P harmaceutical service in the army. 
Composition and Numbers: 

Chief pharmacists.. 2 

Corps pharmacists. 8 

Division pharmacists__ 19 

Regimental pharmacists_ 25 

Battalion pharmacists.. _... 5 

Total_ 59 

(3) VETERINARY SURGEONS’ STAFF. 

Duties.—V eterinary service in the army. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Chief veterinary surgeons__ 2 

Corps veterinary surgeons_ 5 

Division veterinary surgeons_ 25 

Regimental veterinary surgeons. 12 

Total___ 44 

Total sanitary staffs__ 176 

VII.—ENGINEER STAFF. 

Duties.—E ngineer service; direction and supervision of 
military construction, fortifications, military communication, 
telegraph, and similar services. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Colonels....—. 5 

Lieutenant colonels-- 8 

Majors.----.. 12 

Captains__- 50 

Lieutenants-- 34 

Sublieutenants----—. 25 

Total.. 134 

VIII.—musicians’ staff. 

Duties.—I ndicated by the name. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Chief musicians.. 10 

Bugle chiefs.....- 10 

Total _ 20 

IX.—EDUCATIONAL STAFFS. 

(1) THE SUPERIOR WAR SCHOOL. 

Purpose.—T he superior war school is for the purpose of 
disseminating military knowledge among officers of the army, 
and of instructing candidates for the great general staff. 






























164 


ROUMANIA. 


Admission Requirements. —To the school are admitted 
lieutenants and captains of all arms, not over 30 years of age, 
after passing a preliminary examination. 

Curriculum. —Curriculum covers two years. Subjects 
taught are: Military history and geography, tactics, mobil¬ 
ization, artillery, topography, telegraphy, railway manage¬ 
ment, general staff duties, administration; French, German, 
and Russian languages; fencing, riding, etc. 

Graduation. —Graduates receive a certificate, which con¬ 
fers upon them certain privileges. More able graduates may 
be attached to the great general staff, and, after proving their 
ability for this service, and upon passing required examina¬ 
tions, may be appointed to the permanent general staff. 

The Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


Colonels__ 2 

Lieutenant colonels_ 4 

Majors. 3 

Captains-- 7 

Civil instructors_ 5 

Total_ 21 


Besides 2 members of administrative staff (1 administrator, 
and 1 attached). 

(2) ARTILLERY AND ENGINEER SCHOOLS. 

Purpose. —These schools form two branches, one prepara¬ 
tory and the other higher or applicatory. The former edu¬ 
cates candidate officers of artillery and engineers, and the 
latter perfects and completes the education of young artillery 
and engineer officers. Curriculum in each branch covers two 
years. 

Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


Colonel_ 1 

Majors... 4 

Captains_ 12 

Lieutenants __ 2 

Civilians_ 7 

Total.. 26 


Besides 21 members of special staffs: 
13 engineers, viz— 

3 lieutenant colonels; 

1 major; 

7 captains; 

2 lieutenants; 














ROUMANIA. 


165 


2 regimental surgeons; 

2 division veterinary surgeons; 

3 pharmacists; 

1 captain of the general staff. 

(3) officers’ school. 

Purpose. —The school is designed for the education of can¬ 
didate cavalry and infantry officers. Curriculum covers two 
years. Admission requirements, physical and mental exami¬ 
nation, which covers six years’ study in “gymnasium,” 
“lyceum,” or military preparatory school, with some addi¬ 
tional subjects. 

The Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


Lieutenant colonel__ 1 

Captains.. 5 

Lieutenants .. 8 

Civilians..._ 6 

Total_ 20 


Besides 8 members of special staffs : 

2 captains of engineering; 

2 regimental surgeons; 

2 regimental veterinary surgeons; 

2 administrators. 

(4) MILITARY ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL. 

Purpose. —The school educates candidates for officers of 
administration. Admission is regulated by competitive ex¬ 
amination, to which are admitted young men who have 
passed through five years of gymnasium, “real” school, or 
commercial high school. Noncommissioned officers are ad¬ 
mitted upon passing an examination covering four years of 
gymnasium course; graduates of preparatory military schools 
and graduates of commercial schools are admitted without 
examination. Curriculum covers two years. 

The Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


Captains. 5 

Lieutenants. 3 

Civilians- 4 

Total-- 12 


Besides 7 members of special staffs: 

4 “attached” from administrative staff; 
2 administrators; 

1 division pharmacist. 











166 


ROUMANIA. 


(5) CADET SCHOOLS. 

Purpose. —These schools are for the purpose of educating 
sons of officers with a view to preparing them for higher mil¬ 
itary schools, but sons of civilians are also admitted. Cur¬ 
riculum covers four years. Admission prerequisites: age 14 
to 17 for the lowest year, 15 to 18 for the second year, and a 
certificate of having passed three or four years of gymnasium. 
Admission is determined by competitive examination. Tuition 
is free for sons of officers; civilians pay a tuition fee. 

The Administrative and Teaching Staffs: 


Colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Major_ 1 

Captains_ 2 

Lieutenants_ 17 

Civilians_ 41 

Total_ 63 


Besides 6 members of special staffs: 

2 regimental surgeons; 

4 administrators. 

(6) RIDING SCHOOL. 

Purpose.— Special school for cavalry officers. No special 
description can he given for lack of references. 

The Administrative and Teaching Staff: 

Majors_ 2 

Captains_ 4 

Lieutenants_ 3 

Civilian_ 1 

Total_ 10 

Besides 3 members of special staffs: 

1 administrator; 

2 division veterinary surgeons. 

(7) THE NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS’ PREPARATORY SCHOOL. 

Purpose. —The school prepares noncommissioned officers 
for admission to the officers’ school. Admission prerequisites 
are a two-year service as noncommissioned officer, and pass¬ 
ing an examination covering six years’ course of a “real” 
lyceum. Curriculum covers one year. , 

The Administrative and Teaching Staff: 


Major_ I 

Captain__ i 

Lieutenants__ 4 

Total_ 6 


















ROUMANIA. 


167 


Besides 4 members of special staffs: 

2 administrators; 

1 battalion surgeon; 

1 regimental pharmacist. 

Grand total educational staffs, 158. 

X.—STAFFS OF MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. 

(1) ADMINISTRATIVE AND EQUIPMENT ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Number. —Twenty-two administrators. 

(2) MILITARY PRISONS. 

Number.— Captains (commandants), 2. 

Besides 5 members of other staffs: 

3 administrators; 

1 battalion surgeon; 

1 battalion pharmacist. 


3 

4 

Total_ 7 

Besides 2 veterinary surgeons. 

(4) ARTILLERY ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Composition. —The establishments consist of 2 arsenals, 
1 central ammunition store, 1 pyrotechnic and 2 powder 


establishments. 

Number: 

Colonel. 1 

Lieutenant colonels_ 2 

Majors.- 4 

Captains .. 13 

Lieutenants- 5 

Total_ 25 


Besides 5 members of special staffs: 

4 surgeons; 

1 pharmacist. 

Total staffs of military establishments, 34. 


(3) CAVALRY DEPOTS. 

Number : 

Captains_ 

Lieutenants- 











1G8 


ROUMANIA. 


XI.—STAFFS OF ARMY IN THE FIELD. 

(1) STAFFS OF ARMY CORPS. 

Composition of the Staff of an Army Corps: 
General staff of the corps— 

1 chief; 

1 subchief; 

1 second chief of bureau. 

Intendance staff— 

7 to 8 intendance and administrative officers. 

1 artillery commander. 

Engineer staff— 

6 engineer officers; 

4 civil employees. 

Sanitary staff— 

1 corps surgeon; 

1 corps pharmacist; 

1 assistant pharmacist; 

2 corps veterinary surgeons; 

2 squadron veterinary surgeons. 

1 lieutenant commander of corps prison. 

Number of Army Corps Staffs (members of special staff 
excluded): 

General staff of the corps— 

Colonels_ 3 

Lieutenant colonels_ _ 2 

Majors__ 3 

Captains_ 4 

Prisons— 

Lieutenants_ 4 

Civil employees_ 17 

Total_ 33 


(2) DIVISION STAFFS. 

Composition of a Division Staff: 
General staff of a division— 

2 officers. 

Intendance and administration— 
2 (3) officers. 

Sanitary staffs— 

1 (2) division surgeon; 

1 division pharmacist. 









ROUMANIA. 


169 


Number (members of special staffs excluded): 


General staffs of divisions— 

Lieutenant colonels_ 2 

Majors_ 7 

Captains______ 8 

Civil officials in administrative service_ 8 

Total__ 25 


(3) BRIGADE STAFFS. 

Only commandants of brigades are given. 

(4) REGIMENTAL AND BATTALION STAFFS. 

Staff of a Regiment: 

1 adjutant; 

3 (4) administrative officers as accountants; 

1 regimental surgeon; 

1 regimental pharmacist. 

Staff of an independent battalion of rifles differs from the 
staff of a regiment in having fewer accountants. 

Number of Regimental and Battalion Staffs (mem¬ 


bers of special staffs excluded): 

Adjutants— 

Lieutenant colonels_ 27 

Majors-- 37 

Captains, battalion adjutants_ 6 

Total_ 70 

Grand total staffs of army in the field_ 128 


XII.—chaplains’ staff. 

No chaplains’ staff is given in the Roumanian army list. 
According to other sources a limited number of civilian chap^ 
lains serve without pay. 














RUSSIA 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

Zapiski Voyennoy Administratsii dlya Yoyennicli i Yunkerskich Oochi- 
lishch. (Notes on Military Administration for use in War and 
Junker Schools.) Lieutenant General Lobko. 13th edition. St. 
Petersburg, 1898. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 
von Lobells Jaliresbericlite fiber die Yeranderungen und Fortscliritte lm 
Militarwesen. (Yon Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

L’Armee Russe. (The Russian Army.) E. Bujac. Paris, 1894. 

Estado Militar de las Principales Potencias Europeas. (Military Matters 
of the Principal European Powers.) J. Lauth. Paris, 1894. 

The Duties of the General Staff. General Bronsart von Schellendorf. 
13th edition. London, 1893. 

Die Russische Armee in Krieg und Frieden. (The Russian Army in War 
and Peace.) Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Son. Berlin, 1890. 

Die Russische Armee im Felde. (The Russian Army in the Field.) 
Yienna, 1888. 

The Armed Strength of Russia. Capt. J. M. Grierson, London, 1886. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry...... 550, 000 

Cavalry---- 90,000 

Art iilery__-.-. 105,000 

Other arms.. 123,672 

Total_ 868,672 

II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF 

Total strength of staff officers, military and 
administrative-- 13,587 

GENERAL STAFF. 


General Duties. —Preparation in time of peace and exe¬ 
cution in time of war of all military operations. Control 
and supervision of all supply departments. Supervision of 
the measures for the health of the troops. 

Composition. —It consists of a corps of officers, who have 
received superior military education, fitting them for the 
execution of the following special duties: 

(1) Plans for dislocation, march routes, and battle forma¬ 
tions. 


( 171 ) 











172 


RUSSIA. 


(2) Military surveys, plans, and reconnoissances. 

(3) Direction of columns on the theater of war in general 
and on the field of battle in particular. 

(4) Choice of positions and sites for fortresses and fortifica¬ 
tions. 

(5) Collection of statistical, historical, and administrative 
data. 

Rank.— One rank below the guard and one rank above 
army officers. 

Numbers. —It consists of the chief of the general staff, 


and— 

Generals of the general staff_ 23 

Lieutenant generals- 100 

Major generals__- 113 

Colonels. 174 

Lieutenant colonels_ 147 

First captains- 137 

Second captains__ 35 

Total. 734 


Chief of Staff and Duties. —A general, or lieutenant 
general, aided by two assistants, lieutenant generals, is 
responsible for the training of the general staff and topograph¬ 
ical corps at the standard of modern requirements, for the 
proper performance of the duties of the general staff, and 
for the supply of officers for the same. 

Division. —It is divided into: 


(a) Home general staff. 287 

(b) General staff with troops. -- 447 

Total _ 734 


(a) HOME GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Preliminary work in time of peace in 
regard to mobilization and movements of the troops, and 
originating the measures to be carried out by the general staff 
with troops. 

Composition, Division, and Duties. —It consists of nine 
sections, three subsections, two committees, and four adjuncts, 
as follows: 

(1) First section .—Fixing the different establishments of 
the army, and transfer from peace to war footing; training, 
inspections, discipline, etc. 

(2) Second section .—Distribution and movements of the 
army. Transport and concentration. Sites for fortresses, 













RUSSIA. 


173 


military depots, standing camps. Direction of strategical 
roads. Journal of military operations. A subsection is 
detailed for drill and regulations. 

(3) Third section. —Army supplies, botli of provisions, etc., 
in kind and money. It superintends the administrative serv¬ 
ices of the army. 

(4) Fourth section. —Promotion and seniority list. Promo¬ 
tion, transfer, and appointment of officers and employees of 
the military administrative departments. It publishes the 
orders of the Emperor. 

(5) Fifth section. —Recruiting; return of enlisted men to 
civil life; recall to military service. 

(6) Sixth section. —Rewards; pecuniary assistance; pen¬ 
sions; coinage of medals. 

(7) Seventh section. —Fixing and maintenance of establish¬ 
ments; transfers, and discharge of men; and training of 
reserves. 

(8) Eighth section. —Officers’ leave, transfer to the reserve, 
and final retirement; officers on reserve list, retired list, or 
belonging to the militia. 

(9) Ninth section. —Training of cavalry, including remounts, 
armament, equipment, and farriery. 

(10) Tenth section. —The Asiatic subsection. Affairs of the 
military district in Asiatic Russia, as regards military ma¬ 
neuvers, governments, fortifications, and communications, 
together with military scientific undertakings. 

(11) The military topographical subsection. —Topographical 
corps. 

(a) Geodetic branch; scientific instrument department. 

(b) Map-printing branch, drawing, lithographic printing, 
bookbinding, engraving, and photographic departments. 

(c) Office for general duties. 

(d) Topographical depot. 

( e ) Office for sale of maps. 

(12) The subsection for the transport of troops and stores .— 
Corresponds to the German railway section. 

(13) The committee on military scientific subjects. —Exam¬ 
ining and publishing instructions of a military, statistical, 
or geodetical nature; criticising scientific works; collecting 
accurate information on the military strength of Russia and 
foreign countries; maintaining the library of the central gen¬ 
eral staff; supervision of the training and instruction of the 


174 


RUSSIA. 


staff academy and military topographical school (chief presi¬ 
dent and 14 officer-members). 

(14) The committee on mobilization. 

(15) Publication of military periodicals. 

(16) Military printing branch , archives , and library. 

(17) The chancelry. 

(18) The courier corps .—Like Russian corps of Feldjager 
(40 field and other officers). 


(b) GENERAL STAFF WITH TROOPS. 

General Duties. —Carrying out orders of the home gen¬ 
eral staff, and at the same time obeying other (minor) orders 
of the generals commanding the troop units. 


Composition, Division, and Numbers: 

(1) Staffs of military districts— 


General officers_ 19 

Field officers_ 73 

Junior officers__ 46 


Total. 

(2) Army corps staffs 
General officers 
Field officers _. 
Junior officers. 


... 138 

22 

22 

40 


Total- 84 

(3) Division staffs— 

Field officers__ 70 

Junior officers_ 70 

Total__ 140 

(4) Brigade staffs— 

Field officers. 13 

Junior officers_ 1 

Total_ 14 

(5) Local staffs— 

Field officers_ 33 

(6) Fortress staffs— 

General officers_ 4 

Field officers __ 23 

Junior officers__ 11 

Total._■_ 38 


Total general staff officers with troops. 447 

Duties and Subdivisions. —The duties of the general 
staff officers with troops are divided, as a rule, into two parts: 
(a) Quartermaster and (b) Military communication. 





















RUSSIA. 


175 


(a) QUARTERMASTER GENERAL S DEPARTMENT. 

Duties. —Quartering, instruction, and mobilization of 
troops; statistical data of the district, of the adjoining coun¬ 
try, and of neighboring states; maps; directing the personnel 
of officers. 

Subdivision : 

(1) Section 1 . —Line. Table and rolls of troops by corps, 
divisions, and brigades; frontier guard; quarter and camp 
lists, march routes, dislocation, and orders to troops; detail 
of troops; practical occupations and camps; maneuvers; local 
schools; fortifications; correspondence. 

(2) Section 2. —Mobilization. Mobilizing troops, frontier 
guard, and militia. Rolls of the reserve; militia; statistics 
of horses. 

(3) Section 3. —Accounts. Military statistics; topograph¬ 
ical information; geodetic, map, scientific, and special work; 
rosters of general staff officers and military topographers; 
accounts of the general staff. 

(4) Officers for special service. 

(6) MILITARY COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT. 

Its work belongs only partly to the general staff. 

Duties. —Military communications; land and water trans¬ 
portation. 

(1) Railway section. —Military transportation; command 
over railroad station masters and other railroad officials; rail¬ 
ways and water routes. 

(2) Etape section. —Transportation of arrested persons; 
supervision of officers and soldiers living temporarily in the 
district; formation and supply of military transports, and of 
the dtapes (military stations on the route of foot convoys). 

In fortress staffs the duties and subdivisions are as follows: 

Duties. —Administration, preparation for defense, and 
practical exercises of troops. Composition and condition of 
garrison. Condition of the armament, supplies, and the 
neighboring locality. Code of military instruction; rosters of 
troops. Plans of putting the fortress on war footing (kept 
in secret archives). 

(1) Commandant's section. —Garrison service, security and 
police service, keeping prisoners and correspondence. 


176 


RUSSIA. 


(2) Line section. —Management, preparation, statutes, re¬ 
cruiting, organization, line service, and practical fortress 
work. Clerical office work. 

(3) Sanitary section .—Sanitary condition of fortress and 
neighborhood. 

Note.—P riests, gendarmes, fire organization, and carrier- 
pigeon station. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GENERAL STAFF. 

The Russian general staff is an exclusive and homogeneous 
corps, formed by a rational selection from the entire army, 
and is, in its entire composition, under the control of the 
chief of general staff, wherever its officers may serve. 

Being a veritable nursery for chiefs and generals, and a 
school of the art of commanding, it may not be out of place 
to note: (1) the preparation, instruction, and examination; 
(2) the appointment, and (3) the promotion of its officers. 

PREPARATION, INSTRUCTION, AND EXAMINATION. 

Any number of officers after two years’ service with troops 
and three years’ service in all, not ranking higher than second 
captain, after passing two preliminary examinations, are ad¬ 
mitted to the Nicolas academy of the general staff. 

Examination. —Some of those who have passed the second 
year’s examination with an average of 83.33 for the principal 
and 75 for the special subjects are allowed admission to the 
(special) supplementary course of the academy (6 months). 

Officers who passed the supplementary course with an aver¬ 
age'of not less than 83.33 for principal subjects, not less than 
58.33 for each separate subject, and 83.33 for Russian, acquire 
the privilege of being attached to the general staff, and are 
rewarded by promotion to captain of the line, or if captains 
already, they receive one year’s pay. 

APPOINTMENT. 

After being attached, they are assigned to military districts, 
and wait for a vacancy and recommendation of their imme¬ 
diate chiefs. The number of officers thus attached is 30. 

PROMOTION. 

Upon appointment to junior or field officer (excluding that 
of chief of division staff), the statute does not impose any 
limit for passing through a certain staff. Field and junior 


RUSSIA. 


177 


officers are promoted to vacant posts in these staffs, whatever 
they be. 

Ordinarily, during service in the general staff up to appoint¬ 
ment as chief of a division staff, an officer is detached twice 
to troops to get acquainted with line troops and to learn prac¬ 
tical infantry and cavalry service in the line. 

Promotion in time of peace, twice a year: 

(1) To the rank of captain after service of not less than 
two years in former grade. 

(2) To the rank of lieutenant colonel after service of not 
less than three years in former grade, and after having pre¬ 
viously commanded a squadron or company for not less than 
a year. 

(3) To the rank of colonel after service of not less than four 
years, but not less than fifteen years as an officer, and not 
older than 55 years of age. 

(4) To the duties of chief of division staff only after having 
commanded a battalion. 

(5) To the rank of general (no rules—Czar’s pleasure—as in 
whole army). 

OTHER STAFFS. 

Command of the active army is exercised by four different 
headquarters—line, district, local, and central—and their 


staffs are as follows: 

I. —Line staffs— 

(1) Battalion staff_ 3, 678 

(2) Regimental staff_ 4,060 

(3) Brigade staff_ 148 

(4) Division ...- 164 

(3) Army corps-- 580 

II. —District and colonial headquarters— 

(6) District council-- 93 

(7) District intendant’s staff- 704 

(8) District artillery staff.. 139 

(9) District engineers’ staff- 183 

(10) District medical staff- 160 

(11) District military court-- 369 

(12) Provincial (or colonial) staffs. 136 

III. —Local headquarters— 

(13) County local, reserve, and mobilization 

commandants’staffs.. 1,109 

(14) Local, reserve, and mobilization brigade 

commandants’ staffs-- 122 

(15) Local, or town commandants’, staffs. - _ 201 

9990 - 12 
















178 


RUSSIA. 


IV.—Central headquarters— 

(16) Personal staff of war minister. 12 

(17) The imperial headquarters.. 148 

(18) The military council.... 65 

Supreme headquarters— 

(19) Military court---- 9 

(20) Chief intendant’s staff_ 166 

(21) Chief artillery staff.—-- 198 

(22) Chief engineers’staff_ 151 

(23) Chief medical staff_ 62 

(24) Chief educational staff_ 40 

(25) Chief military justice staff_ 25 

(26) Chief Cossacks staff.. 34 

(27) Chief cavalry inspector general’s staff. _ 14 

(28) Chief sharpshooter inspector’s staff_ 9 

(29) The Alexander committee on the 

wounded_ 54 

(30) The principal chaplain’s staff_ 15 


Total_ 12,853 

(1) BATTALION STAFF. 

General Duties.— Purely military. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Youngest field officer..... 1 

Junior officer, adjutant_ 1 

Junior medical officer_ 1 


Total for each battalion___ 3 


For 1,226 battalions___ 3, 678 

(2) REGIMENTAL STAFF. 

General Duties.— Military and administrative. 
Composition and Numbers: 

Field officer, as chief___ 1 

Junior officer, as regimental adjutant_ 1 

Junior officer, chief of office___ 1 

Junior officer, paymaster_ \ 

Junior officer, chief of arms and ammunition_ 1 

Junior officer, chief of train... \ 

Junior officer, chief of infirmary_ \ 

Junior officer, chief of court___ \ 

Senior medical officer__ \ 

Chaplain__ X 


Total for each regiment or artillery brigade.. 10 

For 358 regiments and 48 brigades_ 4,060 







































RUSSIA. 


179 


(3) INFANTRY OR CAVALRY BRIGADE STAFF. 

General Duties.—P urely military. 

Composition and Numbers.— One junior officer, as orderly; 
total for each brigade, 1; for 148 brigades, 148. 

(4) DIVISION STAFF. 

General Duties.—M ilitary and administrative. 
Composition and Numbers: 

Officers of general staff, military duties_ — 


Field officer, head of administration.:.. 1 

Senior medical officer..... 1 


Total for each division___ 2 

For 74 divisions, as well as for 8 sharpshooters, 
engineers, and other independent brigades. _ 164 

(5) ARMY CORPS’ STAFF. 

General Duties.— Military and administrative. 
Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Staff office— 

General staff officers_ — 

Junior officers, aids-de-camp.. 2 

Military clerks-- 8 

Total .. 

(b) Artillery staff— 

Aids-de-camp 

Official_ 

Clerks. 


Total__ 7 

(c) Engineer’s staff— 

Field officer.. 1 

Junior officers- 3 

Total-- -.. 4 

( d ) Intendant’s staff— 

Field officer- 1 

J unior officers. 3 

Total- 4 

(e) Medical staff— 

General surgeon- 1 

Junior surgeon-- 1 

Veterinary surgeon- 1 

Apothecary. 1 

Total____-. 4 

Total for 1 army-corps staff.... 29 

For 20 army corps- 580 


10 


1 

4 





































180 


RUSSIA. 


(6) DISTRICT COUNCIL. 

General Duties. —Highest military administration in the 


district. 

Composition and Numbers: 

General, commanding the district. 1 

General, assistant commanding__ 1 

General, chief of district general staff.. — 

General, intendant_ 1 

General, head of district artillery office..1 

General, head of district engineers’ office-- 1 

General, head of district medical office__ 1 

Member appointed by war minister_ 1 

Total for each district_ 7 

For 14 districts_ 98 


(7) DISTRICT INTENDANT’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —Direction of district intendance being 
subject in the executive matters to the district commandant. 

Composition and Numbers.—T he number varies in dif¬ 
ferent districts; the composition here is given for all the 14 
districts: 

Officers.. 26 

Military officials_ 678 

Total. 704 

And 930 military clerks. 

(8) DISTRICT ARTILLERY STAFF. 

General Duties. —District technical establishments, and 
material and armament of the troops and fortresses in the 
district. 

Composition and Numbers. —For all the 14 districts. 


Officers. 116 

Military officials_ 23 

Total_ 139 


And 259 military clerks. 

(9) DISTRICT ENGINEERS’ STAFF. 

General Duties. —All fortresses, military buildings, and 
engineer workshops in the district, but has no control over 
the engineer field troops or the personnel employed in the con¬ 
struction of military works. 


















RUSSIA. 


181 


Composition and Numbers.— For 13 districts: 


Officers.. 119 

Military officials. 64 

Total.. 183 

And 191 clerks. 


(10) DISTRICT MEDICAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Medical and apothecary service, and 
veterinary matters of the district. 

Composition and Numbers. —For 14 districts: 

Military surgeons ____ 146 

Military officials___ 14 

Total...._.. 160 

And 99 clerks. 

(11) DISTRICT MILITARY COURT. 

General Duties. —District courts. 

Composition and Numbers. —For 10 districts: 


Officers_ 285 

Military officials_ 84 

Total.. 369 


And 198 military clerks. 

(12) PROVINCIAL STAFFS. 

General Duties.— Similar to district staff duties for the 
headquarters of the provinces situated outside of the 14 dis¬ 


tricts. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Officers ---- 73 

Military officials----- 63 

Total..—..136 

And 125 military clerks. 


(13) LOCAL CIRCLE (COUNTY), RESERVE, AND MOBILIZATION 
COMMANDANTS’ STAFFS. 

General Duties. —General command over the reserve and 
local troops; recruiting both in peace and war; calling in men 
from furlough and forwarding them; the transport of sick 
and wounded; escorts for prisoners, etc. 

Composition and Numbers. —There are 530 circle (or 
county) commandants, classed as first, second, third, or 














182 


RUSSIA. 


fourth, class, according to the size and importance of the 
circle, and the whole staff is as follows: 


Colonels_ 300 

Lieutenant colonels_ 150 

Captains ___.... 80 

Quartermasters __ 33 

Junior officers_ 16 

Military officials_ 530 


Total____ 1,109 


And about 3,000 military clerks. 

(14) LOCAL, RESERVE, AND MOBILIZATION, BRIGADES COM¬ 
MANDANTS’ STAFF. 

General Duties.— Command of the reserve, depot, and 
local troops stationed within the territory of a local brigade; 
recruiting, both in peace and war; and supervision of the 
calling out of the men on mobilization. 

Composition and Numbers.— There are 24 regular local 
brigades and 10 provincial local brigades, and their staff is as 


follows: 

Generals_ 28 

Field officers_ 6 

Junior officers.. 60 

Military officials__ 28 


Total__ 122 

And 387 clerks. 

(15) LOCAL, OR TOWN, COMMANDANTS’ STAFF. 


General Duties.— To maintain law and order by a display 
of military authority. 

Composition and Numbers: 


Generals_ 

Lieutenant generals 

Major generals- 

Colonels__ 

Field officers_ 

Junior officers. 

Military officials_ 


4 

16 

4 

9 

26 

115 


Total_ 201 

And 300 military clerks. 

(16) PERSONAL STAFF OF WAR MINISTER. 

Aidsde-camp_ 6 

Officials__ 6 


Total 


12 


























RUSSIA. 


183 


(17) THE IMPERIAL HEADQUARTERS’ STAFF. 

General Duties.—C orrespondence requiring Emperor’s 
approval, imperial military household, and the bodyguard of 
the sovereign. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Generals and lieutenant generals (imperial adjutants). 55 

Major generals (imperial suite)__ 11 

Field and junior officers (imperial aids-de-camp)_ 54 

Field officers....... 6 

Military officials.. 12 

Military clerks__ 10 

Total...__ 148 

(18) THE COUNCIL OF WAR. 

General Duties.—S upreme body for deciding questions 
of a legislative or economical nature. 

Composition and Numbers: 

President ex officio (war minister)__ 1 

Generals (permanent members)_ 18 

Generals (temporary members).. 4 

Total council of war proper_ 23 

And the following bodies attached to the council: 

(a) Legislative section— 

Officials. 12 

Clerks.. 0 

Total_ 21 

( b ) Sanitary council— 

Surgeon generals- 2 

General officers. 4 

Officials.. 3 

Clerks.... 12 

Total.__ 21 

Total council of war.. 65 

(19) SUPREME MILITARY COURT. 

General Duties.—C ourt of appeal in all military cases. 

Composition and Numbers: 

General-- 1 

Lieutenant generals or major generals- 3 

High officials- 2 

Judge-advocate general.. 1 

Judge advocates-----. 2 

Total__ t .-.. 9 



























184 


RUSSIA. 


(20) CHIEF INTENDANT’S STAFF. 

General Duties.—G eneral supervision of clothing, sub¬ 
sistence, and pay of the troops. 

Composition and Numbers: 

General-- 1 

Lieutenant or major generals- 2 

Field and junior officers__ 9 

Officials.._ 154 

Total___ 166 

And 174 clerks. 

Division : 

1. Chief intendant (3 officers and 32 officials)_ 35 

2. Chancellery (10 officials). 10 

3. Uniform and equipment (1 officer and 6 officials). 7 

4. Necessaries (2 officers and 14 officials)_ 16 

5. Subsistence (1 officer and 10 officials)__ 11 

6. Justice and claims (1 officer and 4 officials). 5 

7. Account regulations (1 officer and 14 officials)_ 15 

8. Auditor of accounts for transportation of troops 

and stores by road, rail, and water (1 officer and 
24 officials) . 25 

9. Accounts (1 officer and 16 officials)_ 17 

10. Regimental' and general transportation (1 officer 

and 6 officials)__ 7 

11. Statistical section (2 officials)_ 2 

12. Technical committee (13 officials)_ IS 

13. Laboratory (2 officials)_ 2 

14. Pattern room (1 official)__ 1 

Total chief intendant’s staff __ 166 

(21) CHIEF ARTILLERY STAFF. 

General Duties.—G eneral administration of the artillery 
and the armament of the whole army. 

Composition and Numbers : 

Generals_ 2 

Lieutenant generals___ 5 

Majors___ 9 

Aids-de-camp.. 5 

Field officers __ 80 

Junior officers_ 82 

Officials_ 65 

Total-- 198 

And 105 clerks. 




























RUSSIA. 


185 


Division : 

1. Chief of artillery and staff (17 officers and 6 offi¬ 

cials) ..._... 23 

2. Personnel section (1 officer and 5 officials) .. 6 

3. Arsenals section (1 officer and 4 officials)_ 5 

4. Fortress section (1 officer and 2 officials). 3 

5. Armament section (1 officer and G officials)_ 7 

6. Powder mills section (1 officer and 4 officials)_ 5 

7. Accounts section (1 officer and 7 officials).. 8 

8. Experiments and reports (6 officers)_ 0 

9. Artillery committee (33 officers and 1 official)_ 34 

10. Artillery journal (2 officers)_ 2 

11. Inspector of fortress artillery (3 officers)_ 3 

12. Inspector of rifle and small-arm ammunition fac¬ 

tories (3 officers) ____ 3 

13. Inspector of arsenals (7 officers and 1 official)_ 8 

14. Inspector of powder mills (3 officers). 3 

15. Inspector of material supplied by private firms 

(2 officers)... 2 

16. Receipt of material from government and private 

establishments (25 officials) __.. 25 

17. Attached for special duties (51 officers and 4 

officials) .. 55 

Total artillery staff-- 198 

(22) CHIEF ENGINEERS’ STAFF. 


General Duties. —General administration of the engineers. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Generals_____ 2 

Lieutenant general-- 1 

Major general.... 1 

Aids-de-camp... 5 

Field officers- 15 

Junior officers- 17 

Officials.... 48 

Officers attached- 62 

Total ..-..151 

And 81 clerks. 

Division : 

1. Chief engineers’staff (13 officers and 6 officials)... 19 

2. Personnel section (1 officer and 2 officials).. 3 

3. Fortification section (1 officer and 6 officials)- 7 

4. Barracks section (1 officer and 6 officials).. 7 

5. Accounts section (1 officer and 8 officials)- 9 

6. Engineer committee (13 officers and 9 officials) — 22 

7. Engineers’journal (1 officer)- 1 

8. Electro-technical section (10 officers and 1 official). 11 

9. Attached (62 officers and 10 officials). 72 

Total engineers’ staff-- 151 

































186 


RUSSIA. 


(23) CHIEF MEDICAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Control of the entire medical person¬ 
nel ; it being the highest medical and sanitary authority. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Surgeon, inspector general.. 1 

Assistant surgeon, inspector general_ 1 

Medical officers for special duties___ 4 

Consulting professor for eye diseases... _ — 

Officials. 31 

Surgeons attached for duty- 5 

Apothecaries attached for duty--- 5 

Veterinary surgeons attached for duty_ 15 

Total __ 62 

And 49 clerks. 


(24) MILITARY EDUCATIONAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —General direction of the military edu¬ 
cational establishments. 

Composition and Numbers: 


Lieutenant general. 1 

Major generals__ 4 

Aid-de-camp_ 1 

Field officers_ 8 

Junior officers_ 4 

Officials.. 22 

Total.. 40 


(25) MILITARY JUSTICE STAFF. 

General Duties. —Transaction and preparation of all 
business to he laid before the supreme military court. 

Composition and Numbers: 


General officers.. 2 

Officials _ 23 

Total_ 25 

And 51 clerks. 


(26) THE COSSACK STAFF. 

General Duties. —Affairs of all the Cossack troops. 
Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Cossack forces proper— 


Officers..... ii 

Officials ...... 14 

Total---- 25 
























RUSSIA. 


187 


( b) Cossack committee— 

Permanent officers..... 6 

Temporary officers___ 3 

Total___ 9 

Total Cossack staff .... _ .. 34 


(27) CAVALRY INSPECTOR GENERAL’S STAFF. 


General Duties. —Efficiency of the cavalry, and ultimate 
decision of all important questions concerning this arm. 
Composition and Numbers: 


General. _ 

Major generals 
Field officer .. _ 
Junior officers. 
Officials_ 


1 

3 

1 

2 

7 


Total 


14 


(28) RIFLE BATTALIONS INSPECTOR GENERAL’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —Efficiency of the sharpshooters (rifle 
battalion). 

Composition and Numbers: 


General. 1 

Major generals_ 3 

Officers__ 2 

Officials- 3 

Total__ 9 


(29) ALEXANDER COMMITTEE ON THE WOUNDED. 

General Duties. —Officers and soldiers’ claims to pen¬ 
sions. Control of the military charitable institutions. 

Composition and Numbers: 


General-- 1 

Officers-- 33 

Officials.....--- 20 

Total_ _ 54 


(30) PRINCIPAL CHAPLAIN’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —All matters connected with military 
chaplains (including Mohammedan military priests) and 
churches of all denominations. 


Composition and Numbers. —Officials, 15. 

































































































































































































































SPAIN. 


AUTHORITIES. 

The Armed Strength of Spain, compiled hy the intelligence branch of the 
British office. London, 1883. 

E. Ruiz Fornells y Alfredo Melgar Mata. Organizacion militar de Espana 
y algunas potencias extranjeras. (Military Organization of Spain 
and Some Other Foreign Powers.) Toledo, 1893. 

D. Francisco Larrea y Liso. La organizacion militar de Espana. Toledo, 
1893. 

J. Lauth. L etat militaire des principales imissances etrangeres au prin- 
temps de 1896. (The Military State of Principal Foreign Powers 
in Spring of 1896 ) Paris, 1896. 

J. Scott Keltie and I. P. A. Ren wick. The Statesman’s Yearbook for 
the Year 1898. London, 1898. 

Anuario militar de Espana, ano 1898. (Official Spanish Army List.) 
Madrid, 1898. 

War Department, A. G. O.; M. I. D. Notes and tables on organization 
and establishment of the Spanish army. Washington, 1898. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY IN TIME OF PEACE.* 


Infantry_ 

Cavalry_ 

Artillery__ 

Engineers- 

Administration_ 

Sanitary troops, etc 

Gendarmery- 

Customs service ... 


64,190 
14,376 
11,744 
5,294 
1,500 
2,166 
14,697 
14,186 


Total 


128,153 


II.—STRENGTH OF THE STAFF. 

Total strength of staff.-.. 5, 617 

III.—THE GREAT GENERAL STAFF CORPS. 

1. General Duties. —Officers of the great general staff corps 
are employed at the headquarters of divisions and brigades, in 
the auxiliary organs of the war ministry, and at captain gen¬ 
eral’s headquarters (capitania general), in the concentration 


* Data given show the state of the Spanish army before the Spanish- 
American war. 

(189) 

















190 


SPAIN. 


of troops'for any purpose, in the geographical institute, in 
academies, in juntas and legations, in military and military 
scientific commissions, etc. The members of the general staff 
corps in Spain have a wider range of duties than is usually 
attributed to general staffs of other countries. In Spain, 
general staff officers are intrusted with surveillance over 
marches of the troops, quartering, position during battles; 
they are expected to select and indicate the most advanta¬ 
geous positions; and finally, they may, when ordered by the 
general, take actual command of the troops engaged. The 
general staff corps is assisted in its work by two special 
bodies, viz, (a) the brigade of assistants and topographers of 
the general staff, and by (b) the auxiliary corps of military 
officers. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonels_ 38 

Lieutenant colonels - 62 

Majors__ 75 

Captains- 78 

Total —__:_248 

3. Appointment to the General Staff. —The officers of 
the staff are appointed from the graduates of the superior war 
school who have taken honors in the course and who have 
subsequently distinguished themselves in a course of practical 
work in one or more branches of the service. Both the war 
school course and these practical courses last three years, after 
which the officers are admitted to the general staff corps, with 
the rank of captain. 

To be admitted to the war school, the candidate must be a 
lieutenant of infantry, cavalry, artillery, or engineers; must 
have held the grade of officer at least three years, and served 
at least one year with troops. His age must not exceed 29. 

Remarks. —The name “general staff” is in Spain applied 
to the personnel of generals of the army. The body which 
corresponds to general staffs of other countries is called the 
general staff corps. 

4. The Chief of the General Staff. —What corre¬ 
sponds in Spain to the chief of the general staff is called the 
director general of the general staff corps of the army and 
garrisons. He is appointed by the King, and his relations to 
the minister of war and other authorities, as well as to his 







SPAIN. 


191 


subordinates, are the same as those of directors general of the 
various arms. He designates the personnel in charge of the 
various offices of the general staff corps, and directs and 
inspects all scientific works and other duties of the staff corps. 
Upon the director general depends also the arrangement of 
the garrison staff and the staff of the archives section. 

IV.— OTHER ARMY STAFFS. 

I. Royal military household__ 13 

II. Royal household-.-.—. 4 

III. War ministry.... -. 153 

IV. Organs of war ministry .. 325 

V. Military educational establishments- 198 

VI. Staffs of military industry.. 151 

VII. Army staffs____ (*) 

VIII. Aids-de-camp, adjutants, etc.. 882 

IX. Engineers’ staff..-.. 529 

X. Garrison staff.. 54 

XI. Military administration staff- 909 

XII. Sanitary corps. 793 

XIII. Military judicial corps- 108 

XIV. Chaplains’staff-- 389 

XV. Veterinary surgeons’ staff- 236 

XVI. Riding instructor’s staff... 79 

XVII. Brigade of assistants and topographers- 9 

XVIII. Sanitary brigade.-- 49 - 

XIX. Overseers of fortifications-- 119 

XX. Staff of military officers. 369 


Grand total of other staffs.5,369 

I.—ROYAL MILITARY HOUSEHOLD. 

1. Duties.— Personal service of the King. The royal mil¬ 
itary household is the body through which the King exercises 
supreme command over the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief, captain genial. 1 

Aids-de-camp— 

Ayudantes de campo. 3 

Ayudantes de drdenes- 7 

Secretary--- 1 

Surgeon.... 1 

Total ....-.- 13 


* Numbers are given with other staffs, and are omitted here to avoid 
counting twice. 
































192 


SPAIN. 


II.—ROYAL HOUSEHOLD. 

1. Duties. —Supervision of the instruction and instruction 


of the King in military branches. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Chief of studies, general of division__— 1 

Professor, captain of navy ----- 1 

Majors-.-.-.... 2 

Total___ 4 


III.—WAR MINISTRY. 

1. General Duties. —Organization and administration of 
the army and military services. 

2. Composition. —The war ministry is composed of sub¬ 
secretaryship and twelve sections: 

(1) The subsecretaryship is composed of six offices, with 
the following duties: 

(a) Cabinet of the minister. 

(b) Personnel of generals. 

(c) Civil personnel. 

(d) Central accounts. 

(e) Library. 

(/) Archives. 

(2) The twelve sections have the following duties: 

First section. —Organization; movement of troops; ma¬ 
neuvers; study of foreign armies; military attaclffiships. 

Second section. —Cavalry. 

Third section. —Infantry; district staffs. 

Fourth section. —Officers of the general staff corps, of 
administration, of sanitary service, of military justice, of 
gendarmery, veterinary surgeons. 

Fifth section. —Artillery and engineering. 

Sixth section. —Military justice. 

Seventh section. —Colonial troops. 

Eighth section. —Rewards; decorations. 

Ninth section. —Military educational establishments. 

Tenth section. —Remounts. 

Eleventh section. —Materiel of artillery, of engineers, of 
administrative, and of sanitary services. 

Twelfth section .—Administrative and sanitary services. 






SPAIN. 


193 


3 . Numbers: 

(a) Minister of war, lieutenant general_ 1 

Minister’s staff, colonels and majors_ 4 

Aids-de-camp— 

Colonels, lieutenant colonels, majors and 

captains.. 7 

Secretaries (private)_ 2 

(b) Subsecretaryship— 

Subsecretary, general of division_ 1 

Aide-de-camp, captain__ 1 

Private secretaries_ 2 

Personnel— 

Colonels __ 4 

Lieutenant colonels. 11 

Majors.. 10 

Captains.. 15 

Lieutenants. 8 

' - 48 

(c) Section personnel— 

Colonels. 12 

Lieutenant colonels.. 24 

Majors. 23 

Captains-..__ 27 

Lieutenant. 1 

- 87 

Total. 153 

Note.—B esides the above officers there are employed at 
the war ministry offices the following from special corps: 

8 officers of the general staff corps; 

7 surgeons; 

2 apothecaries; 

4 veterinary surgeons; 

21 engineers; 

120 officials, archivists, etc. 

Total, 162 officers of special corps. 

IV.—ORGANS OF THE WAR MINISTRY. 

(a) GENERAL STAFF OF THE CUSTOM-HOUSE GUARD (CARABINEROS). 

1. Duties.—T he general staff of the custom-house guard 
has in charge all matters pertaining to the administration and 
service of the custom-house guard. Besides, it is required to 
come to advise with the ministry of finance and home office 
in all matters concerning particular services of the guard. 


9990 - 13 




















194 


SPAIN. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant general, general director- 1 

Brigadier general, secretary..—. 1 

Lieutenant colonels....--- 3 

Majors. 7 

Captains...... 6 

Lieu tenants. 5 

Total__ 23 

Besides 1 surgeon. 


(6) GENERAL STAFF OF THE CIVIL GUARD. 

1. Duties. —The general staff of the civil guard has in 
charge all matters pertaining to the administration and serv¬ 
ice of the civil guard. Besides, it is required to advise with 
the ministry of finance and home office in all matters concern¬ 


ing particular services of the guard. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Lieutenant general, general director .... 1 

Brigadier general, secretary.. 1 

Colonels. 2 

Lieutenant colonels___ 3 

Majors... 9 

Captains- 7 

Total.. 33 

Besides 1 surgeon. 


(c) GENERAL STAFF OF THE ROYAL BODYGUARD (ALABARDEROS). 

1. Duties. —The general staff of the royal bodyguard has 
charge of all matters pertaining to the administration and 
service of that guard. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Commandant, general_ 1 

Second commandant, general.. l 

Secretary, colonel__ 1 

Total _ 3 


Besides 3 members of special corps, 1 colonel of engineers 
as aid-de-camp, and 2 surgeons. 

(d) GENERAL STAFF OF THE HOUSE AND CORPS OF INVALIDS. 

1. Duties. —Charge of the house and corps of invalids. 




















SPAIN. 


105 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Commandant general-- 1 

Brigadier general (second chief) .... 1 

Lieutenant colonels__ 2 

Majors.. 4 

Captains. 5 


Total___ 13 


Besides 2 surgeons and 1 chaplain. 

(e) GENERAL FIELD VICARIAT. 

1. Duties. —Charge of the religious service in the army, 
and general supervision and administration of the service of 
the chaplains’ corps. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

1 pro-vicar general; 

1 chaplain under pro-vicar’s orders; 

1 auditor secretary; 

1 assessor of the vicariat; 

1G chaplains; 

Total, 20 members of special staffs. 

(/) GENERAL PAYMASTERS AND COMPTROLLERS’ STAFF. 

1. Duties. —General supervision over accounts and pay¬ 
ments of the army. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

1 paymaster general; 

- comptroller general; 

21 commissaries of war; 

5 subintendants; 

38 officials, first class; 

8 officials, second class; 

34 officials, third class; 

Total, 107 members of special staffs. 

( ( J) INSPECTION of the central command, of the EMBARKATION DEPOTS, 
AND OF THE GENERAL TRANSOCEANIC TREASURY. 

1. Duties. —This body is intended to supply recruits for the 
colonial forces, and to serve as an agency between the colonial 
and the peninsular armies. 









196 


SPAIN. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Inspector- 

Inspector, brigadier general. 1 

Second chief, colonel ... 1 

Lieutenant colonels .. 2 

Majors - 10 

Captains ..-.-.- 27 

Total .. 41 

(b) Embarkation depots— 

Lieutenant colonel. 1 

Majors . 6 

Captains...—--- 17 

First lieutenants-- 10 

Second lieutenants. 2 

Total. 36 

Besides 6 surgeons. 


( h ) WAR DEPOT. 

1. Duties. —In charge of all scientific military work, espe¬ 
cially historical, statistical, geographical, and topographical. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —The personnel is composed 
of members of the general staff corps, of auxiliary corps of 
military officers, and of a brigade of assistants and topog¬ 
raphers of the general staff corps: 

Auxiliary corps; members of special corps: 

1 archivist; 

2 officials, second class; 

3 officials, third class; 

9 members of the brigade of assistants; 

Total, 15. 

General staff officers: 

2 lieutenant colonels; 

3 majors; 

6 captains; 

Total, 9. 

Total members of special corps, 24. 

(i) THE SUPREME COURT OF WAR AND NAVY. 

1. Duties. —Exercise of military jurisdiction in army and 
navy, with the power of pronouncing sentences of the third 
and last instance. 














SPAIN. 


197 


2. Composition and Numbers*. 

President— 

Lieutenant generals .. 3 

Counselor— 

Generals of division .. 3 

Vice admiral. 1 

Rear admirals.. 2 

Judicial counselors. 4 

Attorney generals (military)— 

Brigadier general. 1 

Colonels. 2 

Lieutenant colonels.. 6 

Captains of navy.. 2 

Captain of army. 1 

Auditors. 4 

Secretaryship— 

Lieutenant colonels __ 3 

Majors.... 3 

Captains. 2 

Officials, first class. 3 

Officials, second class... 3 

Officials, third class___-_ 4 

Auditors_ 4 

Aids-de-camp of the counselors— 

Colonels.. 1 

Lieutenant colonels. 2 

Major. 1 

Captains____-____ 4 

Lieutenant_ 1 

Naval officer_ 1 

Total.. 61 


Less 30 members of the judicial and other staffs, 31 . 

{j) the consultive war junta. 

1. Duties. —The consultive war junta is an advisory agency 
of the minister of war for interpretation of military laws and 
regulations; it is required to give information concerning 
organization of the army as a whole or a particular subdivi¬ 
sion of the army, concerning administration, armament, 
matdriel, ordnance, provisions, sanitary service, encampment, 
transports, tactical regulations, professional works, awards, 
furloughs of invalids, plan of defense, mobilization, and in 
general any information of military import. 

2. Division. —The junta is presided over by a lieutenant 
general, and is subdivided into four sections with following 
duties: 

First section .—Affairs relating to infantry and cavalry. 



























198 


SPAIN. 


Second section. —Artillery, engineers, general staff corps, 
defense, and mobilization. 

Third section. —Administration, sanitary, and veterinary 
service. 

Fourth section. —Organization, instruction, tactics, awards, 
and military transportation. 

3. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals_ 17 

Civilians of high rank__ 4 

Colonels___ 7 

Lieutenants_ 8 

Commandants_ 9 

Captains__ 13 

Total_ 58 

Besides members of special corps: 

General staff corps— 

2 colonels; 

1 lieutenant colonel; 

1 major; 

1 captain; 

Total, 5. 

Engineers’ corps— 

1 colonel; 

3 lieutenant colonels; 

5 majors; 

Total, 9. 

Miscellaneous— 

1 auditor; 

3 intendants; 

13 commissaries, archivists, etc.; 

3 surgeons; 

2 apothecaries; 

1 veterinary surgeon, 

Total, 23. 

Total officers of special corps, 37. 

(k) ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL OF THE FUNDS FOR EDUCATION OF ORPHANS 
AND RELIEF OF DISABLED. 

1. Duties. —Administration and charge of the funds set 
aside for education of orphan boys and girls, children of 
deceased officers or soldiers, or for children of poor retired 
officers and soldiers, and for relief of soldiers disabled in war. 









SPAIN. 


109 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

For peninsular troops— 

Generals. 3 

Colonel... 1 

Lieutenant colonel __ 1 

Majors__ 2 

Captains .. 2 

Lieutenant .. 1 

Total ... 10 

For colonies— 

Generals.. 3 

Colonel.. 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors.. — 

Captains .. 3 

- 8 

Total_ 18 

( l ) COMMITTEE ON TACTICS. 

1. Duties.—I ntrusted with, proposals of reforms in regula¬ 
tions of all arms. 

2. Composition and Numbers : 

Generals .. __ 4 

Colonels .. 5 

Lieutenant colonels_ 2 

Majors... 2 

Captain_ 1 

Total_ 14 

Besides members of engineers’ corps: 

1 colonel; 

1 lieutenant colonel. 

(m) THE PERMANENT COMMISSION FOR SMALL ARMS. 

1. Duties.—I ntrusted with proposal to the ministry con¬ 
cerning desirable changes or modifications in small arms. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Brigadier general-----. 1 

Colonels ......-.. 3 

Lieutenant colonels... 2 

Major.. 1 

Captain .. 1 

Total.. 8 

Besides a member of engineers’ corps, 1 colonel. 



























200 


SPAIN. 


(n) COMMITTEE ON REGULATIONS AND CODES FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY. 

1. Duties. — Not specified fully. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Generals._ 3 

Rear admiral- 1 

Captain of the navy....- 1 

Colonels. 8 


Total___ 13 

Besides 6 members of special corps: 

2 colonels of engineers; 

1 colonel of general staff corps; 

2 auditors; 

1 judicial councilor. 

(o) COMMISSION FOR SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS OF DISSOLVED CUBAN CORPS. 


1. Duties. —As indicated by the name. Not specified more 
fully. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Majors. 14 

Captains. 11 

Lieutenants _ 10 

Second lieutenants .. 7 

Official, second class_ 1 


Total...... 43 

Besides 3 members of other corps: 

1 colonel of engineers; 

1 chaplain; 

1 surgeon. 


(p) COMMISSION FOR SETTLEMENT OF ARREARS IN CUBAN PAYMENTS. 


1. Duties. —As indicated by the name. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

1 subintendant; 

3 commissaries; 

6 officials; 

1 surgeon; 

Total, 11, members of special staffs. 

( q) JUNTA FOR EXPERIMENTING ON MILITARY ADMINISTRATION MATERIEL. 

1. Duties. —Indicated by the name. 















SPAIN. 


201 


2. Numbers: 

1 subintendant; 

4 commissaries; 

1 official; 

Total, 6, members of special (administrative) staff. 

(r) ARCHIVES AND GENERAL STORAGE HOUSE FOR CAVALRY. 

1 . Number.— Captain, 1 . 

Grand total of officers in auxiliary organs of tlie war min¬ 
istry, excepting members of special corps, 325. 

V.—MILITARY INSTRUCTION AND MILITARY SCHOOLS. 

The centers of education established for the purpose of 
preparing officers for different arms, corps, and military estab¬ 
lishments are the following: Superior war school; academies 
for infantry, for cavalry, for engineers, and for military ad¬ 
ministration ; colleges for the civil guard, for the bodyguard 
(alabarderos), and a preparatory military college for members 
of the army desiring to prepare for military academies. Be¬ 
sides these there are the following educational establishments: 
The Central Firing School, the Anatomical and Pathological 
Institute, and three orphan schools. As auxiliary military 
instructional establishments are classed the museum of artil¬ 
lery, museum of engineers, and the general topographical 
depot of engineers. 

(a) THE SUPERIOR WAR SCHOOL. 

Purpose. —The purpose of the superior war school is to 
disseminate higher military knowledge among the officers of 
the army, and to instruct army officers for the general staff 
corps of the army. Curriculum covers three years’ study. 

2. Requirements of Admission. —Candidates for admis¬ 
sion must have the rank of second or first lieutenant, must 
have served at least three years as officers, and at least one 
year with troops. There is no age limit except for those 
desiring to prepare for the general staff corps, who must not 
be above 29. Admission is determined by competitive exam¬ 
ination for nongraduates of military academies. No examina¬ 
tion is required of graduates of military academies, but only 
those who have shown ability in their academic courses are 
admitted. 


202 


SPAIN. 


3. The Staff: 

General.. 1 

Colonels _ . 2 

Majors.. 3 

Captains. 5 

Total. 11 


Besides 20 members of other staffs: 

2 colonels of the general staff; 

5 lieutenant colonels of the general staff; 

7 majors of the general staff; 

2 captains of the general staff; 

2 surgeons; 

2 commissaries and officials. 

(b) ACADEMY FOR INFANTRY. 

1. Course. —Curriculum covers three years. More able 
graduates of the preparatory military academy are admitted, 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Director colonel. 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors-- 7 

Captains... 28 

First lieutenants__ 5 

Second lieutenants.. 2 

Total _ 44 


Besides 5 members of other special corps: 

3 surgeons; 

1 chaplain; 

1 riding instructor. 

(c) ACADEMY FOR CAVALRY. 

1. Course. —Curriculum covers three years. More able 
graduates of the preparatory military academy are admitted. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

Colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors- 5 

Captains_ 10 

Lieutenants_ 10 

Total... 27 




















SPAIN. 


203 


Besides 5 members of other special staffs: 

2 surgeons ;| 

2 veterinary surgeons; 

1 chaplain. 

( d ) ACADEMY FOR ARTILLERY. 

1. Course. —Curriculum covers five years. More able 
graduates of the preparatory military academy are admitted. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonel. 1 

Lieutenant colonel .... 1 

Majors..... 5 

Captains.. 15 

Lieutenants. 4 

Total. 26 


Besides 4 members of other staffs: 

1 surgeon; 

1 chaplain; 

1 veterinary surgeon; 

1 instructor of equitation. 

(e) ACADEMY FOR ENGINEERS. 

1. Course. —Curriculum covers five years. More able 
graduates of the preparatory military academy are admitted. 

2. Composition and Numbers. —Eighteen members of the 
engineer corps: 

1 colonel; 

1 lieutenant colonel; 

4 majors; 

11 captains; 

1 lieutenant. 

Besides 4 members of other staffs: 

1 surgeon; 

1 captain; 

1 instructor of equitation; 

1 curator of fortifications. 

(/) ACADEMY FOR MILITARY ADMINISTRATION. 

1. Course. —Curriculum covers three years. Ability shown 
in the preparatory college is required for admission. 








204 


SPAIN. 


2. Composition and Numbers: 

1 subintendant; 

4 commissaries; 

10 professors (officials); 

Total, 15, members of administration staff. 

Besides 3 members of other staffs: 

2 surgeons; 

1 instructor of equitation. 

(g) MILITARY PREPARATORY COLLEGE. 

1. Course. —The college has two sections—one preparatory 
to military academies, with a curriculum of two years; the 
other for private soldiers, with a more elementary instruction. 
Admission by competitive examination. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Major__- 1 

Captains_ 9 

Lieutenants_ 2 

Total_ 12 

Besides one colonel of engineer corps as director. 

(h) COLLEGES OF THE CIVIL GUARDS. 

1 . Purpose.— (a) College of the civil guard prepares officers 
for the civil guards. Sergeants and noncommissioned officers 
are admitted. The curriculum covers two years. 

(b) College of civil guard cadets gives education to orphans 
of deceased members of the civil guard. 


2. Numbers. 

Colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel__ 1 

Majors_ 2 

Captains- 5 

Lieutenants_ 11 

Total-- 20 


Besides 1 surgeon and 1 chaplain. 

(t) COLLEGES OF THE CUSTOM-HOUSE GUARDS. 

1. Purpose. —(a) College of the custom-house guard pre¬ 
pares officers for the guard. Sergeants and noncommissioned 
officers are admitted. 

(b) College for the custom guard cadets gives education to 
male orphans of the deceased members of the guard. 













SPAIN. 


205 


2. Numbers: 

Colonel_ 1 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors_ 2 

Captains_ 4 

Lieutenants_ 8 

Total_ 16 


Besides 3 members of other staffs: 

1 surgeon; 

1 chaplain; 

1 professor of equitation. 

(i) ORPHAN SCHOOLS. 

1. Course.—O pen both for males and females, children of 
deceased members of the army. 


2. Numbers: 

Generals.. 2 

Colonels. 3 

Lieutenant colonel_ 1 

Majors... 3 

Captains _. 16 

Lieutenants.. 12 

Total- 37 


Besides 4 members of other staffs: 

2 surgeons; 

2 chaplains. 

( k ) ANATOMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. 

1. Numbers.— 4 surgeons. 

(Z) MUSEUMS. 

1. Numbers: 

Artillery officers _.-.. 5 

Besides 13 officers belonging to engineering, intendance, 
and other special corps. 

Grand total staff of educational establishments, excluding 
members of special corps, 198. 

VI.—MILITARY INDUSTRY. 

In order to provide the army with necessary equipment and 
ammunition the ministry of war possesses different industrial 
establishments, which are given as follows: 
















206 


SPAIN. 


(a) ARTILLERY ESTABLISHMENTS. 


1. Factories: 

(i) Toledo factory for cartridges and bayonets. 

(ii) Sevilla factory for vehicles, caissons, etc. 

(iii) Sevilla factory for bronze castings and projectiles. 

(iv) Sevilla pyrotechnical factory for cartridges for 

small arms, bombs, explosives, etc. 

(v) Mnrcia powder factory. 

(vi) Granada powder factory. 

(vii) Oviedo factory of small arms. 

(viii) Trubia steel factory for steel works. 

(ix) General artillery park and archives. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


Colonels_ 

Lieutenant colonels 

Majors.. 

Captains . ... 

Total_ 


9 

9 

9 

28 

55 


Besides 38 members of other corps: 
9 surgeons; 

1 chaplain; 

28 commissaries and officials. 


( b ) ESTABLISHMENTS IN CHARGE OF THE ENGINEER CORPS. 

Miscellaneous establishments, including, among others, 
laboratories and an aerostatic park, the central postal pigeon 
house, military photographic establishments, etc. 

1. Composition and Numbers. —The personnel of the 
establishments is composed of 11 engineers and 3 members of 
other special corps. 

(c) ESTABLISHMENT OF MILITARY ADMINISTRATION. 

The establishments are composed of one central establish¬ 
ment and three flour factories. 

1. Numbers. —Fifteen members of special corps: 

4 subintendants; 

4 commissaries; 

7 officials. 







SPAIN. 


207 


( d) SANITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. 

They are composed of pharmaceutical laboratories and are 
under the direction of members of the sanitary staffs. 

1. Numbers. —Seventeen members of special corps: 

1 pharmacist inspector; 

1 pharmacist subinspector; 

1 medical subinspector; 

7 apothecaries; 

7 commissaries and officials. 

(e) REMOUNT ESTABLISHMENTS 

1. Numbers: 

Colonels.. 

Lieutenant colonels_ 

Majors..... 

Captains.... 

Lieutenants ... 

Total...... 96 

Besides members of special corps: 

9 surgeons; 

24 veterinaries; 

6 professors of equitation; 

15 commissaries; 

19 officials of administration. 

Grand total staff of military industry, excluding members 
of special corps, 151. 

VII. —ARMY STAFFS. 

(a) ARMY CORPS STAFF. 


(1) General headquarters: 

Aids-de-camp to general in chief.2-4 

Aids-de-camp to chief of the corps- 1-2 

Total...- 3-6 

(2) General staff corps detachment. 

Colonel. 1 

Lieutenant colonel- 1 

Major---.- 1 

Captains.. 2 


First lieutenants on probation, candidates 
for membership in general staff corps.. 2-3 


Auxiliaries: 

Archivists--- 1 

Officials__ 3-4 


7 

10 

11 

25 

43 


Total 


11-13 


















208 


SPAIN. 


(3) Inspectors of instruction: Ranking from 

colonel to captain on the average. 5 

(4) General staff of artillery: 

Aid-de-camp to the general commanding. 1 

Secretary ranking from colonel to major 

usually. 1 

Chief, usually colonel.. 1 

Chief of the artillery park, usually lieu¬ 
tenant colonel. 1 


Total---- 4 

(5) General staff of engineers:* 

Aid-de-camp to the general..- - 1 

Commanding- 1 

Secretary ... 1 

Chief...— 1 

Chief of engineer park... 1 

Total.—...- 4 

(6) Military administration: 

General intendant..- 1 

Subintendant---- - - 1 

Commissaries (1 and 2)... -.- 2 

Officials (1, 2, and 3 class)- 7 

On an average...-. 11 

(7) Sanitary inspectors: 

Sanitary inspector- 1 

Senior surgeons.-. ---1-2 


Total.... 

( 8 ) Veterinary service: Veterinary subinspec¬ 

tor or senior vet. surgeon--- 

(9) Auditorial 

Auditor of division-- 1 

Auditor of brigade _ 1 

Lieutenant auditors-- 2 


2-3 

1 


Total .. - 4 

(10) Chaplain--- 1 

(11) General subinspection: 

General subinspector. 1 

Aid-de-camp .. 1 

Secretaries, colonel, lieutenant colonel, 

major, captain- 1-3 

Auxiliaries, lieutenant colonel, major, 

captain... 2-4 

Auxiliary officials, about... 6 


Total 


11-15 


Total.. 57-67 

Note. —There are some auxiliary officers who are appointed only in case 
of necessity. 


* All these officers are members of the engineer corps. 






































SPAIN. 


209 


( b ) DIVISION STAFF. 

Aids-de-camp to general of division... 1-2 

Head of the general staff corps____ 1 

General staff corps officer.... 1-0 

Commandant of artillery, colonel__ 1 

Commandant of engineers, colonel_____ 0-1 

Total ......4-6 


Appointed in case of need: 

Administration chief.. 

Commissary. .. 

Paymaster___ 

Provision officer..... 

Chief of sanitary division_ 

Governor of headquarters... 

Vehicle conductor___ 

Barrack officer___ 

Total..... 


(c) BRIGADE STAFF. 

Aid-de-camp to the brigadier general. _ 
Commissary--- 

Total- 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 


1 

1 


Appointed when needed: 


Paymaster---.—.-. 1 

Provision officer- 1 

Vehicle conductor. 1 

Barrack officer- 1 

Total-- 4 

(d) REGIMENTAL STAFFS. 

Bandmaster. 1 

Surgeons.—...-.- 2 

Total..-. 3 


( e ) battalion’s staff. 


Internal administrative officers: 

Major...-. 1 

Paymaster, temporary- 1 

Adjutant- 1 

Quartermaster- 1 

Chaplain...-.-.— 1 

Surgeon.. 1 

Total.—. 7 


9990-14 



































210 


SPAIN. 


VIII.—AID-DE-CAMP, ADJUTANTS, AND OTHER OFFICERS OF 
THE ARMY STAFFS, NONMEMBERS OF SPECIAL CORPS. 

(a) corps. 

1. Numbers: 

Aids-de-camp to generals in the corps, about-128 

Inspectors of instruction, about- 80 

Artillery staif. _.---- 48 

Subinspection staff, except members of special 
corps, about..--- 98 

Total.—....... 354 

( b ) DIVISIONS. 

1. Numbers. —(Data uncertain.) 

Aids-de-camp, about____ 30 

(c) BRIGADES. 

1 . Numbers: 

Aids-de-cami), about-- 44 

( d) REGIMENTS. 

1. Numbers: 

Bandmasters__ 75 

(e) BATTALIONS, SQUADRONS, BATTERIES, ETC. 

1. Numbers: 

Adjutants. 379 

Total. 882 

IX.—engineer’s staff. 

1. Duties. —Supervision and direction of military engi¬ 
neering labors, construction, etc. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Brigadier general_ 1 

Colonels_ 39 

Lieutenant colonels_ 48 

Majors - 109 

Captains- 241 

First lieutenants... 91 

Total. 529 

X.—GARRISON STAFF (ESTADO MAYOR DE PLAZAS). 

1. Duties. —Guard and police duty in military places. 


















SPAIN. 


211 


2 . Composition and Numbers: 


Colonels .. 

Lieutenant colonels 

Majors__ 

Captains.. 

First lieutenant_ 


4 

9 

9 

31 

1 


Total 


54 


XI.—MILITARY ADMINISTRATION. 

1 . Duties.— Economic administration of the army, intend¬ 


ance, ordnance, etc. 

2 . Composition and Numbers : 

Army intendants.... 5 

Division intendands__ 14 

Military subintendants.. 33 

Commissaries of war, first class__ 97 

Commissaries of war, second class ...-- 188 

Officials of first rank__ 383 

Officials of second rank. 62 

Officials of third rank_ 161 

Total.....-..943 


XII.—SANITARY CORPS. 

1. Duties.— Medical, pharmaceutical, and sanitary service 
in the army. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

(a) Medical staff— 

Medical inspectors of first class- 2 

Medical inspectors of second class.. 9 

Medical subinspectors, first class- 23 

Medical subinspectors, second class- 42 

Senior surgeons. 259 

Surgeons of first rank .._. 137 

Surgeons of second rank...- 176 

__ 648 

1 
5 
25 
5 

58 
51 


Total .....145 

Total sanitary corps.-.793 


Total.. 

(b) Apothecaries’ staff— 

Pharmaceutical inspector--- 

Pharmaceutical subinspector, first class.__ 

Senior apothecaries... 

Pharmaceutical subinspector, second class. 

Apothecaries of first rank .. 

Apothecaries of second rank.. 































212 


SPAIN. 


XIII.—MILITARY JUDICIAL CORPS. 

1 . Duties.—A dministration of military justice. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Counselors and attorneys— 

Generals .........- 4 

Auditors general- 7 

Division auditors..... 18 

Brigade auditors.. 18 

Lieutenant auditors— 

First rank- 23 

Second rank_ _ 23 

Third rank----- 15 

Total__ 108 

XIV.—chaplain’s staff. 

1 . Duties.—R eligious service of the army. 

2 . Division and Numbers: 

Secretary auditors....— ... 2 

Assessor-- 1 

Lieutenant vicars.. 8 

District pastors...... 10 

Senior chaplains_ 56 

First chaplains... 56 

Second chaplains... 256 

Total .. 389 

XV.—VETERINARY SURGEON’S STAFF. 

1 . Duties.—V eterinary service in the army. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Veterinary subinspector of first class___ 1 

Veterinary subinspector of second class__ 2 

Senior veterinary surgeons .. 9 

First veterinary surgeons_ 83 

Second veterinary surgeons_.__ 68 

Third veterinary surgeons. 73 

Total .. 236 

XVI.—RIDING INSTRUCTOR’S STAFF. 

1 . Duties.—I nstruction in equitation in the army. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 

Subinspector- i 

Senior instructor_ i 

First instructors _ ._ 30 

Second instructors. _. 32 

Third instructors.... 15 


Total 


79 































SPAIN. 


213 


XVII.—BRIGADE OF ASSISTANTS AND TOPOGRAPHERS OF THE 
GENERAL STAFF CORPS. 

1 . Duties. —Assistance to the general staff corps officers in 
scientific military labors. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 


Laboratory chief, first class.__ 1 

Laboratory chiefs, second class___ 2 

Laboratory chiefs, third class____ 6 

Total..... 9 


XVIII.—SANITARY BRIGADE. 

1 . Duties. —Assistance to sanitary corps. 

2 . Composition and Numbers: 


First assistants.. 10 

Second assistants.. 17 

Third assistants.. 22 

Total_ 49 


XIX.—OVERSEERS OF FORTIFICATIONS (CELADORES DE 
FORTIFICACION). 

1. Duties.—A s indicated by the name. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 

Overseers, first class.... 22 

Overseers, second class..... 35 

Overseers, third class..... 62 

Total...... 119 

XX.—CIVIL STAFF OF MILITARY OFFICES. 

1. Duties.—D epending upon offices to which an employee 
is attached. 

2. Composition and Numbers: 


First archivists. 3 

Second archivists.- 3 

Third archivists. 27 

First officials- 89 

Second officials....— 105 

Third officials__-..142 


Total 


369 

























































































































. 














SWEDEN. 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 

von Lobells Jahresberichte uber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Yon Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

The Military System of Sweden. First Lieutenant H. T. Allen. Wash¬ 
ington, 1896. 

Sveriges Harordning. (Organization of the Swedish Army.) Pelir Hassel- 
rot. Stockholm, 1894. 

Larobok i Sveriges Harordning for Armeens Underbefalskolor. (Text¬ 
book on Swedish Army Organization for the Subordinate Noncom¬ 
missioned Officers’ Schools of the Army.) Stockholm, 1893. 

The Armed Strength of Sweden and Norway. London [no date] 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry.. 27,455 

Cavalry.—. 5,269 

Artillery..... 4,133 

Other arms... 1,997 


Total..—... 38,854 


II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total force of military and administrative staff 
officers. . 319 


GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —The objects and functions of the gen¬ 
eral staff are to keep pace with, study, and diffuse military 
science in general; to train officers for their special duties in 
the field and for the superior commands; to provide a body 
of officers competent in every way to conduct and carry out 
all business of the war department; to furnish staffs for 
commanding generals, etc.; to elaborate projects for the mo¬ 
bilization and concentration of the army, and for carrying 
out the duties in connection therewith; to procure, evaluate, 
and register information and statistics bearing on military 
matters in foreign countries, more especially in the countries 

(215) 











216 


SWEDEN. 


neighboring on Sweden, in order to be in a position to fur¬ 
nish the war department with authentic and comprehensive 
data touching the strength, readiness for war, and general 
military situation for a possible enemy or ally; to compile 
the history of Swedish wars, and to keep the war archives; 
to carry out the surveys and military recorinoissances, and to 
examine, from a military point of view, the features of the 
country, communications, positions for defense, etc.; lastly, 
to train officers as instructors in military subjects for the 
military educational establishments. 

Composition. —It consists of 39 officers, as follows: 

1 chief of general staff; 

1 adjutant of war minister; 

1 adjutant of chief of general staff; 

1 employed in the army administrative department; 

6 employed as chief of staff to military district com¬ 
manders ; 

1 employed as chief of staff to inspector general of cav- 
airy; 

5 employed in the operative subdepartment of war de¬ 

partment ; 

3 employed in the section for communications; 

6 employed in the section for military statistics; 

4 employed in the section for military history; 

10 employed in the section for topography; 

3 available for special service. 

Total, 42, divided as to rank: 1 major general, 14 adjutant 
majors (field officers), 16 staff adjutants (captains), and 8 
lieutenants; as well as 12 aspirants detailed temporarily to 
the various sections. 

Chief of Staff. —The chief of staff is responsible for its 
general efficiency, and is vested with the disciplinary powers 
of a regimental commander. He submits to the King the 
names of officers to fill vacancies in the general staff, distrib¬ 
utes the personnel to various posts, determines the work of 
the topographical section, and submits a yearly report to the 
King concerning the work of the staff, its efficiency, etc. He 
is the directing head of the military educational commission 
and inspector of all military educational establishments. 

Division and Duties. —The chief division of the general 
staff is the headquarters or great general staff. External 


SWEDEN. 


217 


duties on the staffs of commanding generals require 14 officers, 
leaving 25 officers for employment in the great general staff. 
It is under the immediate direction of the chief of the general 
staff, and is subdivided into 4 sections: 

First section , communications .—Ways and communications 
of the country; organization and capacity of transports; the 
size and strength of the merchant marine; posts, telegraph 
lines, and concentration of the army. Personnel: 1 field 
and 1 junior officer, etc. 

Second section , military statistics. —Information on foreign 
countries; Swedish military statistics; mobilization, maneu¬ 
vers, improvements, and changes in the military system of 
the country. Personnel: 2 field and 3 junior officers, as well 
as a variable number of aspirants. 

Third section, military history. —Data for Swedish military 
history; archives, library, and collection of instruments for 
the general staff. The guardian of the archives is chief of 
the section. Personnel: 1 field, 2 junior officers, etc. 

Fourth section , topography. —Geodetic map of the country, 
special maps (general staff maps of Sweden), also general 
maps, and detailed plans and descriptions of districts of 
special military importance; and triangulation and carto¬ 
graphic work. Personnel: 2 field officers, 8 junior officers, a 
variable number of aspirants, and a variable number of line 
officers detailed for this duty. 

Admission to the General Staff. —Conditions for admis¬ 
sion as lieutenant are: 

1. Three years’ training in the officer’s own arm. 

2. Completion of the course of two years at the general 
staff academy. 

3. One year course of training with each arm to which the 
officer does not belong. 

4. Two and one-half years’ probationary test as aspirant, in¬ 
cluding— 

(a) Two summers’ and one winter’s training in the topo¬ 
graphical section. 

(b) Participation in the general staff exercises, also duty in 
the bureau of the headquarters of the army. 

5. A certificate of riding. 

Note. —The number of aspirants does not exceed 12. 


218 


SWEDEN. 


OTHER STAFFS. 

(1) Independent battalion staff .... 10 

(2) Regimental staff_ 160 

(3) Brigade staff.—.. 24 

(4) Army division district staffs. --- 36 

(5) King’s chancellery staff. 7 

(6) High court’s staff--- 4 

(7) War minister’s staff ........ 10 

(8) Artillery department staff___ 6 

(9) Fortification department staff..... 5 

(10) Supply department staff... 13 

(11) General council’s staff. — 

Total. 275 


(1) INDEPENDENT BATTALION STAFF. 

General Duties.— Purely military. 

Composition and Numbers.— 1 junior officer as adjutant 
for every battalion; total for 10 battalions, 10. 

(2) REGIMENTAL STAFF. 

General Duties.— Both military and administrative 
Composition and Numbers: 


Quartermaster .. 1 

Intendant_ 1 

Assistant intendant.. 1 

Train officer_ 1 

Total for each regiment. 4 


For 40 regiments... 160 


(3) BRIGADE STAFF. 
General Duties.— Purely military. 
Composition and Numbers: 


Field officer, as chief of staff..... 1 

Junior officer, as aid-de-camp... 1 

Total for each brigade... 2 

For 12 brigades... 24 


(4) ARMY DIVISIONS DISTRICT STAFF. 
General Duties.— Both military and administrative. 
Composition and Numbers: 

General staff officer, as chief of staff... — 


Officers..... 6 

Total for each army division___ 6 

For 6 army division districts__ 36 

































SWEDEN. 


• 219 


(5) KING CHANCELLERY STAFF. 

General Duties. —All military questions requiring the 
action of the King. 

Composition and Numbers: 


Chief of bureau... 1 

Chiefs of divisions.. 2 

Secretaries... 3 

Registrar. 1 

Total. 7 


(6) HIGH COURT’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —Highest tribunal for the army and 
navy. 

Composition and Numbers: 

Army officers________ 3 

Navy officer... — 

Military counselor. 1 

Total. 4 


(7) WAR MINISTER’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —Organization and maintenance of land 
defenses; questions concerning the dislocation of troops and 
their use for necessary public work; care of the establish¬ 
ments intended for the country’s defense. 


Composition and Numbers: 

Chief.—.. 1 

Secretaries.. 2 

Under secretaries_ 3 

Registrar. 1 

Clerks .. 3 

Total... 10 


(8) ARTILLERY DEPARTMENT STAFF. 

General Duties. —Warlike stores, artillery matdriel, 
armament of the army generally, ammunition, etc. 
Composition, Division, and Numbers: 


(a) Military bureau— 

General of artillery. 1 

Assistant.---.- 1 

Total. 2 

( b) Civil bureau— 

Military counselor, chief. 1 

Secretary and treasurer. 1 

Examiner.. 1 

Accountant and bookkeeper. 1 

Total. 6 

























220 


SWEDEN. 


(9) FORTIFICATION DEPARTMENT STAFF. 

General Duties. —Construction and repairs of fortifica¬ 
tions, barracks, and buildings; the pontoon train, etc. 
Composition, Division, and Numbers: 


(a) Military bureau— 

Field officer. 1 

Aid. 1 

Total. 2 

(b) Civil bureau— 

Military counselor. 1 

Secretary and treasurer. 1 

Examiner and bookkeeper. 1 

Total. 3 


(10) SUPPLY DEPARTMENT STAFF. 

General Duties. —Recruiting, mounting, and equipment; 
transport, clothing, and hospital stores; supply of militia 


troops when at drill or training. 

Composition, Division, and Numbers: 

(a) Military bureau— 

Field intendant._. 1 

Assistant intendant. 1 

Total. 2 

(b) Hospital bureau— 

Division surgeon.. 1 

Assistants. 3 

Hospital intendant. 1 

Regimental veterinary. 1 

Total.. 6 

(c) Civil bureau— 

Military counselor. 1 

Treasurer. 1 

Accountants.. 2 

Bookkeeper... 1 

Total. 5 

Total supply department staff_ 13 


(11) GENERAL COUNCIL’S STAFF. 

General Duties. —Royal orders concerning the general 
military administration, disposition of funds which can not 
be transferred to a specific department; distribution of work 
among the departments; annual accounts to the King; and 
matters touching the personnel, so far as they are not deter¬ 
mined by royal order. 

Composition. —All the chiefs of departments and bureaus. 

























SWITZERLAND. 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 
von Lobells Jahresberichte uber die Veranderungen und Fortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Yon Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

The Armed Strength of Switzerland. (Intelligence Division of the 
British War Office.) London, 1889. 


STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 

The fundamental laws of the Republic forbid the mainte¬ 
nance of a standing army within the limits of the Confedera¬ 
tion, but in cases of emergency the federal army consists of 
all men liable to military service. They are divided into 
three classes, of which “elite,” the first, approaches to the 
description of the “active army,” being called together every 
year for sixteen days’ training. 

There is, however, of necessity, a small standing army for 
the care of fortifications, and a number of officers for the 
training of recruits. 

(1) STANDING ARMY. 


(a) Instruction officers. 130 

(b) Fortress infantry. 2,668 

(c) Fortress artillery.. 1,988 


Total..—-.-..4,786 


(2) ELITE. 

(a) Infantry.-. 105,542 

( b ) Cavalry .- -. 3,972 

(c) Artillery.... 21,803 

(d) Other arms. 8,719 

Total -.-.-.- 140,036 

Total strength of army... 144,822 

STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total strength staff officers, military and adminis¬ 
trative... 50 


(221) 
















222 


SWITZERLAND. 


GENERAL STAFFS. 

General -Duties. —Mobilization and defense of the coun ¬ 
try in time of peace, and aid to commanding officers in time 
of war. 

Composition and Numbers. —It is composed of 50 cap¬ 
tains or majors who have passed the ten-weeks’ course in the 
central superior school, and made a two-weeks’ general staff 
journey, besides a variable number of lieutenants or captains 
attached to commanding officers (colonels, having an honor¬ 
ary and only temporary rank of general), as orderly officers, 
aids-de-camp, etc. 

Chief of Staff and Duties. —Ranking as colonel, he is 
the central organ for the direction, distribution, and move¬ 
ments of the army; he gives the necessary orders connected 
therewith, to the 9 chiefs of division of the army staff, draws 
up army orders, proclamations, bulletins, and regulations 
regarding the press and newspaper correspondence, and is 
responsible for the intelligence of the army. His immediate 
assistants are two officers of the general staff, one of whom 
acts as an adjutant, the other being concerned with intelli¬ 
gence, military and political, regarding the enemy. 

Division and Duties. —It consists of (1) general staff pro¬ 
per, with purely military duties, and (2) administrative 
staffs, with the duties of supply and administration of troops. 

(1) GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

General Duties. —Preliminary work for mobilization and 
movements of the army in time of peace, and carrying out in 
time of war all measures elaborated for the defense of the 
country. 

Composition and Numbers. —It is composed of: 

(a) At least 6 majors or captains, taking their turn in the 
service; of the total number of 50. 

(b) A variable number of lieutenants or captains, who are 
qualified for admission to the general staff corps. 

Division and Duties. — (a) Home general staff service, and 
(b) General staff with the troops. 

(a) Home General Staff. 

General Duties. —To prepare, or rather to originate the 
measures to be carried out by the general staff with the troops. 


SWITZERLAND. 


223 


Composition and Division: 

{aa) General staff division. 

(bb) Lines of communication and railway division. 

(cc) Adjutant general’s division. 

(aa) GENERAL STAFF DIVISION. 

General Duties. —Clerical work, distribution of troops, 
military information, and topographical work. 

Composition and Division: 

(aaa) Chancellery. 

General Duties. —Clerical work. 

(bbb) Operation section. 

General Duties. —Distribution and employment of troops, 
etc. 

(ccc) Topographical and statistical section. 

General Duties. —Statistics of the home and foreign 
armies, topographical work, and supply and distribution of 
maps. 

(bb) LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND RAILWAY DIVISION. 

General Duties. —Indicated by name. 

Composition and Numbers.— It consists of (1) civilians, 
actual employees of the railways and steamship lines, who in 
time of war are impressed into military service and employed 
for military purposes; and (2) of a chief of the division, a 
general staff officer, with a necessary number of assistants, 
also general staff officers, who prepare plans of transporta¬ 
tion, etc. 

(cc) ADJUTANT GENERAL’S DIVISION. 

General Duties.— The adjutant general reports as to 
materiel, equipment, etc., makes regulations for discipline of 
army and instruction of infantry, and sees that they are car¬ 
ried out; regulates personal matters of infantry, chaplains’ 
service and police headquarters, etc. 

Composition and Division: 

(a) Service section .—Discipline and interior economy, reen¬ 
forcements, field strength of all arms, armament and materiel 
of infantry, instruction and drill, army police, parole, orders 
for headquarters, and routes. 


224 


SWITZERLAND. 


(b) Headquarters duty section. —The commandant of the 
headquarters is in charge of the troops, train soldiers, police, 
grooms, and officers’ servants attached to the staff, his adjutant 
being in immediate charge of the train. 

(b) General Staff with Troops. 

General Duties. —To carry out the measures elaborated 
by the home general staff, and to obey other (minor) orders 
of the colonels (or temporary generals), commanding the units 
of the troops. 

Composition and Numbers. —A small number of officers 
of the general staff and a variable number of attached orderly 
officers or aids-de-camp. 

Division and Duties. —They are not clearly defined at 
present, as there has been no army on a war footing for a 
very long time. 

(2) OTHER STAFFS. 

General Duties. —The administration and supply of 
troops. 

Composition and Division. —It consists of: 

(a) Artillery division; 

(b) Engineer division; 

(c) Medical division; 

(d) Veterinary division; 

(e) Judicial division; 

(/) Commissary division. 

(a) ARTILLERY DIVISION. 

General Duties. —The colonel of artillery reports on the 
stores of ammunition in the army and depots, and as to the 
materiel of artillery, superintends the training, and deals 
with personal matters of that arm. 

Composition and Division: 

(a) Field artillery section. 

(b) Position artillery section. —Deals with matters concern¬ 
ing this arm. 

(c) Parle section. —Superintends supply of ammunition to 
army, storing and purchase of war materiel and artillery 
armament. 

(d) Train section. —Reports on mounting field batteries, 
park columns, and the army and line train, and supervises 
the supply of horses for the army (except cavalry). 


SWITZERLAND. 


225 


(5) ENGINEER DIVISION. 

The chief, a colonel, submits projects and reports on plans 
for fortifications, construction, repair, and demolition of 
bridges, railways, and roads, supervises instruction of engi¬ 
neer troops, and deals with technical questions, etc., relating 
to this arm. 

(C) MEDICAL DIVISION; ( d ) VETERINARY DIVISION; ( e ) JUDICIAL DIVISION; 

(/) COMMISSARY DIVISION. 

The chiefs superintend their respective branches through¬ 
out the army. 

General Duties. —The chief commissary of the army 
superintends the rationing, pay, quartering, clothing, and 
equipment of the army, and the supply of requisitioned trans¬ 
ports for provisions and baggage. He supervises the issue of 
money from the war treasury, keeps the chief of the general 
staff constantly informed as to the state of the supply of pro¬ 
visions, deals with all personal matters of the administrative 
officers, and in technical matters and questions of food, cloth¬ 
ing, and equipment, is in communication with the chief com¬ 
missary of the federation. 

Composition and Division: 

(a) Provision and transport section. —Deals with the sup¬ 
ply of provisions, and transports and accounts connected 
therewith, including contracts, and keeps itself acquainted 
with all sources of supply throughout the country. 

(b) Quartering , clothing , and equipment section. —Deals 
with these subjects, issuing information to intendants of 
special magazines as to supplies required. 

(c) Pay section. —Controls the accounts of the army. 

(d) Treasury section .—Has charge of the army treasury, 
and makes necessary advances to the divisions, etc. 


9990-15 

























































































































































































. ' 








































































TURKEY 


LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

The Statesman’s Yearbook. Macmillan & Co. London, 1898. 

von Lobells Jahresberichte iiber die Veranderungen nnd Vortschritte im 
Militarwesen. (Yon Lobell’s Annual Reports on the Changes and 
Progress in Military Matters.) Berlin, 1897. 

The Military Systems of Greece and Turkey. M. I. D., Washington, 
G. P. O., 1897. 

L’Organisation Militaire de l’Empire Ottoman. (Military Organization 
of the Ottoman Empire.) Leon Lamouche. Paris, 1895. 

Handbook of the Turkish Army. (Intelligence Division of the British 
War Office.) London, 1892. 


I.—STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 


Infantry .. 229,880 

Cavalry.... 21,800 

Artillery.. 21,520 

Other arms.. 2,800 

Total.. 276,000 


II.—STRENGTH OF STAFF. 

Total strength of staff officers, military and 
administrative, about.. 300 

GENERAL AND OTHER STAFFS. 

General Duties. —To prepare for the defense of the coun¬ 
try, in time of peace, and to direct it in time of war. 

Composition and Division. —It is composed of the entire 
war ministry, the war minister being ex officio chief of the 
general staff. 

The war ministry is divided into 10 branches: 

(1) The general staff proper; 

(2) The bureau of general affairs; 

(3) The infantry bureau; 

(4) The cavalry bureau; 

(5) The artillery bureau; 

(6) The bureau of military justice; 

(7) The bureau of administrative services; 

(227) 










228 


TURKEY. 


(8) The bureau of fortifications and military buildings; 

(9) The bureau of sanitary service; 

(10) The auditors’ and comptrollers’ bureau. 

Chief of Staff and Duties. —His rank is that of mar¬ 
shal, and his duties are those of war secretary and chief of 
general staff combined. 

(1) GENERAL STAFF PROPER. 

General Duties. —Preparation in time of peace, and exe¬ 
cution in time of war, of all military operations. 

Composition and Numbers. —The general staff consists of 
the staff corps proper and the attached officers of the line. 

The staff corps is recruited from such of the graduates of 
the military schools as have taken the course at the war school. 
As a general rule, an officer once gazetted to the staff remains 
there permanently. On entering, the graduates receive the 
grade of captain. 

The number of officers in the staff corps in 1896 was 155, 
besides 52 line officers detailed for duty on the staff. 

Division : 

(a) Home general staff; 

( b) Army corps general staff; 

(c) Divisional staff; 

( d ) Brigade staff; 

( e ) Staff of the landwehr units. 

(a) THE HOME GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —Planning the measures to be executed 
by the general staff officers with the troops. 

Composition, Division and Duties. —It comprises seven 
divisions: 

(1) The division of organization , which is charged with the 
study of all questions relating to the organization of the army 
and its preparation for war; this division draws up regula¬ 
tions relating to these questions, proposes modifications to be 
introduced, etc. 

(2) The division of statistics , charged principally with the 
study of foreign armies, etc. 

(3) The division of movements , charged with the prepara¬ 
tion of the mobilization and concentration of the army. There 
is a topographical, section in this division, charged with the 
collection of maps, etc. 


TURKEY. 


229 


(4) The division of lines of communication, having charge 
of all matters relating to military transportation by land and 
water, condition of railways, etc., at home and abroad. 

(5) The scientific division , comprising the geographical 
section, historical, and other sections. 

(6) Division of correspondence with duties according to 
name. 

(7) Division of the personnel , with duties according to name. 

( b) ARMY CORPS GENERAL STAFF. 

General Duties. —To execute the orders of the home 
general staff, while obeying other (minor) orders of the gen¬ 
eral commanding the army corps. 

Composition, Division, Numbers and Duties. —The staff 
of an army corps is under a chief of staff (general of brigade). 
The number of officers is usually six. It is divided into two 
sections, each under a colonel or lieutenant colonel of the 
staff corps. 

First section. —Preparation for war, mobilization, maneu¬ 
vers, military statistics, and communications. In time of 
war would be charged principally with conduct of operations. 

Second section. —First subsection: Correspondence and 
affairs relating to personnel of staff. Second subsection: Re¬ 
cruiting and reserves. 

(c) DIVISION STAFFS. 

The division staffs are composed of two or three officers, 
one of whom is ordinarily a field officer and chief of staff. 

(d) BRIGADE STAFFS. 

The generals of brigade are ordinarily allowed only a sin¬ 
gle staff officer as aid-de-camp or orderly officer. 

(e) STAFF OF THE LANDWEHR UNITS. 

A variable number of field and junior officers. 

(2) THE BUREAU OF GENERAL AFFAIRS. 

It comprises: 

1. A general secretariat; 

2. A division of archives; 

3. A division of translations. 


230 


TURKEY. 


(3) THE INFANTRY BUREAU. 

It comprises four divisions: 

1. Personnel, and tactical instruction; 

2. Recruiting; 

3. Landwehr; 

4. Militia. 

(4) THE CAVALRY BUREAU. 

It comprises two divisions: 

1. Personnel; 

2. Material and remounts. 

(5) THE ARTILLERY BUREAU. 

It comprises two divisions: 

1. Personnel; 

2. Material. 

(6) THE BUREAU OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 

It comprises: 

1. A chancellery; 

2. A supreme military court, acting as a court of errors; 

3. A special court-martial, a sort of military court of 
appeals. 

(7) THE BUREAU OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES. 

It comprises four divisions: 

1. Personnel; 

2. Rations, forage, heating, lighting, etc.; 

3. Hospital supplies; 

4. Clothing. 

Note.— There is, besides, a comptroller’s commission, 
charged with supervising and checking the operations of the 
last three of the above divisions. 

(8) THE BUREAU OF FORTIFICATIONS AND MILITARY 
BUILDINGS. 

It comprises two divisions: 

1. Personnel of engineer officers; 

2. Material, plans of fortifications and buildings, tools sup¬ 
plied to troops, etc. 


TURKEY. 


231 


(9) BUREAU OF THE SANITARY SERVICE. 

It comprises three divisions: 

1. Personnel of the sanitary establishments; 

2. Organization and material of the sanitary establish¬ 
ments. 

(10) AUDITOR AND COMPTROLLER’S BUREAU. 

It comprises six divisions. 

Note. —Not included in these bureaus, and independent of 
them, are a number of commissions, etc., such as: 

(a) Administration of the military pension chest; 

(b) The artillery and fortification committee; 

(c) The commission on army reorganization, directly sub¬ 
ordinate to the minister of war; 

(d) The commission on army reorganization, attached to 
the general staff proper. 



MILITARY INFORMATION DIVISION PUBLICATIONS. 


No. 1.—“The Hawaiian Islands, with Maps and Charts.” 1893. (Edition 
exhausted.) 

No. 2.—“The Organization of the German Army.” 1894. (Edition ex¬ 
hausted.) 

No. 3.—“The Organized Militia of the United States.” 1893. (Edition 
exhausted.) 

No. 4.—“Notes on Organization, Armament, and Military Progress.” 1894. 
(Edition exhausted.) 

No. 5.—“The Organized Militia of the United States.” 1894. (Edition 
exhausted.) 

No. 6.—“The Autumn Maneuvers of 1894.” (Edition exhausted.) 

No. 7.—“The Organized Militia of the United States.” 1895. (Edition 
exhausted.) 

No. 8.—“ Notes on Organization, Armament, e nd Military Progress.” 1896. 
(Edition exhausted.) 

No. 9.—“The Military Schools of Europe.” 1896. 

No. 10.—“Sources of Information on Military Professional Subjects.” 1896. 
(Edition exhausted.) 

No. 11.—“Notes on the War between China and Japan.” 1896. (Edition 
exhausted.) 

No. 12.—“The Military System of Sweden.” 1897. (Edition exhausted.) 

No. 13.—“The Organized Militia of the United States.” 1898. 

No. 14.—“The Military Systems of Greece and Turkey.” 1897. 

No. 15.—“The Autumn Maneuvers of 1896 in Europe.” 1897. 

No. 16.—Part 1: “Subsistence and Messing in European Armies.” 1897. 

Part 2: “Cavalry Pioneer Tools, and High Explosives.” 1898. 

Part C: “Extracts from the New Drill Regulations of the Russian 
Cavalry.” 1898. 

No. 17.—“Sources of Information on Military Professional Subjects.” 1898. 

No. 1C.—“ Selected Professional Papers.” 1893. 

No. 19.—“ The Organized Militia of the United States in 1897.” 1898. 

No. 20.—“ Military Notes on the Philippines.” 1893. 

No. 21.—“ Military Notes on Cuba.” 1898. 





















































. 














































































































































' 










































































































































































































































' 
























































* 

































# 
















































































































































































































































































































































